Bibliography for HS2125: The Making of the Modern Middle East BETA

‘Abdul Hamid II Photograph Collection | Library of Congress’. Web. <https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/>.

Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Print.

---. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982. Print.

Abu-Manneh, Butrus. ‘The Islamic Roots of the Gulhane Rescript’. Die Welt des Islams 34.2 (1994): n. pag. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570929>.

Adıvar, Halide Edib, and Sibel Erol. House With Wisteria: Memoirs of Turkey Old and New. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2009. Print.

Ahmad, Mirza ’Azod Al-Dowleh, and Manoutchehr M. Eskandari. Life at the Court of the Early Qajar Shahs. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers, 2014. Print.

Akarli, Engin Deniz. The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920. London: University of California Press, 1993. Print.

Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. London: Constable, 2007. Print.

---. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide. New York: Zed Books, 2004. Print.

Akcam, Taner. Killing Orders: Talat Pasha’s Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. Print.

Akçam, Taner. The Young Turks’ Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.32595>.

Aksakal, Mustafa. The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Web. <https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&amp;isbn=9780511461996&amp;uid=^u>.

Aksan, Virginia H. Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged. Harlow: Longman/Pearson, 2007. Print.

---. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1918: An Empire Besieged. 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2018. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=6716327>.

Al-Enazy, Askar H. The Creation of Saudi Arabia: Ibn Saud and British Imperial Policy, 1914-1927. London: Routledge, 2013. Print.

Alexanian, Adrienne G. Forced into Genocide: Memoirs of an Armenian Soldier in the Ottoman Turkish Army (Genocide Studies). Routledge; 1 edition, 2017. Print.

Alfaro-Velcamp, Theresa. So Far From Allah, So Close to Mexico: Middle Eastern Immigrants in Modern Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007. Print.

Algar, Hamid. Religion and State in Iran, 1785-1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969. Print.

Allen, Roger. The Arabic Literary Heritage: The Development of Its Genres and Criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Print.

---. ‘The Early Development of the Arabic Novel Tradition’. The Arabic Novel: An Historical and Critical Introduction. 2nd ed. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1982. Print.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi. A History of Saudi Arabia. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Web. <https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9781107253513&uid=^u>.

Amanat, Abbas. Iran: A Modern History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017. Print.

---. Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896. London: Tauris, 1997. Print.

---. ‘The Demise of the Safavid Order’. Iran: A Modern History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017. Print.

Amin, Camron Michael, Benjamin C. Fortna, and Elizabeth Brown Frierson. The Modern Middle East: A Sourcebook for History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

---. The Modern Middle East: A Sourcebook for History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780191514647>.

Amin, Qasim. The Liberation of Women: And, the New Woman : Two Documents in the History of Egyptian Feminism. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2000. Print.

Anderson, Betty S. A History of the Modern Middle East: Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2016. Print.

Anderson, M. S. The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations. Repr. (corr.). London: Macmillan, 1968. Print.

Ansari, Ali. The History of Modern Iran Since 1797. 3 ed. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019. Print.

Arié, Gabriel, Esther Benbassa, and Aron Rodrigue. A Sephardi Life in Southeastern Europe: The Autobiography and Journal of Gabriel Arié, 1863-1939. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998. Print.

---. A Sephardi Life in Southeastern Europe: The Autobiography and Journal of Gabriel Arié, 1863-1939. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998. Print.

Arsan, Andrew. Interlopers of Empire: The Lebanese Diaspora in Colonial French West Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print.

Atabaki, Touraj, and Erik Jan Zürcher. Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernization Under Atatürk and Reza Shah. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. Print.

Atatürk, Kemal. The Great Speech. Second edition. Ankara: Ataturk Research Center, 2008. Print.

Avery, P., G. R. G. Hambly, and C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Web. <https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521200950>.

Aydin, Cemil. The Idea of the Muslim World: A Global Intellectual History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2017. Print.

Badawī, Muḥammad Muṣṭafá. Modern Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Print.

---. Modern Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Web. <https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521331975>.

Badran, Margot. Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995. Print.

---. Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt. Princeton University Press, 1995. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.04679>.

Balakian, Grigoris. ‘From Yozgat to Boghazliyan: The Skulls / The Confessions of a Slayer Captain / Encountering Another Caravan of the Condemned’. Armenian Golgotha. New York: Vintage Books, 2010. Print.

Balakian, Grigoris, and Peter Balakian. Armenian Golgotha: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1918. New York: Random House USA Inc, 2010. Print.

Banean, Garnik. Goodbye, Antoura: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. Print.

Barak, On. On Time: Technology and Temporality in Modern Egypt. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2013. Print.

Barkey, Karen. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.

Baron, Beth. The Women’s Awakening in Egypt: Culture, Society, and the Press. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Print.

Barr, James. A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914-1948. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013. Print.

Basaran, Betul. Selim III, Social Control and Policing in Istanbul at the End of the Eighteenth Century: Between Crisis and Order. The Ottoman Empire and its heritage: politics, society and economy. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1744670>.

Bashkin, Orit. New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2012. Print.

---. The Other Iraq: Pluralism and Culture in Hashemite Iraq. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2010. Print.

Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, Ba’thists, and Free Officers. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978. Print.

Baykal, Erol A. F. The Ottoman Press (1908-1923). Volume 67. Leiden: Brill, 2019. Print.

Beaton, Roderick. Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation. Allen Lane, 2019. Print.

Behar, Moshe, and Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, eds. Modern Middle Eastern Jewish Thought: Writings on Identity, Politics, and Culture, 1893-1958. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press, 2013. Print.

Beinin, Joel. The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of the Modern Diaspora. Vol. 11. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Web. <http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2290045n/>.

Berberian, Houri. Roving Revolutionaries: Armenians and the Connected Revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman Worlds. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2019. Print.

Berkes, Niyazi. The Development of Secularism in Turkey. New York: Routledge, 1998. Print.

Booth, Marilyn. Classes of Ladies of Cloistered Spaces: Writing Feminist History Through Biography in Fin De Siècle Egypt. N.p., 2015. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4462437>.

---. Classes of Ladies of Cloistered Spaces: Writing Feminist History Through Biography in Fin-De-Siècle Egypt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. Print.

---. May Her Likes Be Multiplied: Biography and Gender Politics in Egypt. Berkeley, [Calif.]: University of California Press, 2001. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.04418>.

Boskovic, Vladimir D. Jelena Dimitrijevic: Letters From Salonika. Vol. 3. Gorgias Press, 2018. Print.

Boyar, Ebru, and Kate Fleet. A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

Byzantios, Skarlatos. Constantinople - Volume I. İstos Yayincilik, 2019. Print.

---. Constantinople - Volume I. İstos Yayincilik, 2019. Print.

Can, Lâle. Spiritual Subjects: Central Asian Pilgrims and the Ottoman Hajj at the End of Empire. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2020. Print.

Çelik, Zeynep. Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1997. Web. <http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8c6009jk/>.

Chatty, Dawn. Syria: The Making and Unmaking of a Refuge State. London: Hurst & Company, 2017. Print.

---. Syria: The Making and Unmaking of a Refuge State. London: Hurst & Company, 2017. Print.

Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann. Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, C. 1800-1900. Vol. 15. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2012. Print.

Cleveland, William L., and Martin P. Bunton. A History of the Modern Middle East. Sixth edition. Boulder: Westview Press, 2016. Print.

Clogg, Richard. The Movement for Greek Independence, 1770-1821: A Collection of Documents. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1976. Print.

Cohen, Julia Phillips. Becoming Ottomans: Sephardi Jews and Imperial Citizenship in the Modern Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3055870>.

---. Becoming Ottomans: Sephardi Jews and Imperial Citizenship in the Modern Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3055870>.

---. ‘Between Civic and Islamic Ottomanism: Jewish Imperial Citizenship in the Hamidian Era’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 44.2 (2012): 237–255. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/41475017>.

Cooke, Miriam. Nazira Zeineddine: A Pioneer of Islamic Feminism. Makers of the Muslim world. Richmond: Oneworld, 2010. Print.

Cuno, Kenneth M. Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Egypt. Gender and globalization series. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2015. Print.

Daly, M. W. The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume 2: Modern Egypt, From 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Print.

---. The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2: Modern Egypt, From 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Web. <https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521472111>.

Davis, Eric. Challenging Colonialism: Bank Misr and Egyptian Industrialization, 1920-1941. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1701206>.

De Bellaigue, Christopher. The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason. London: Bodley Head, 2017. Print.

De Waal, Thomas. Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1876215>.

Der Matossian, Bedross. Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2014. Print.

Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. Print.

Di-Capua, Yoav. Gatekeepers of the Arab Past: Historians and History Writing in Twentieth-Century Egypt. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2009. Print.

Ekmekçioǧlu, Lerna. Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2016. Print.

Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna. Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2016. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4414765>.

Enayat, Hadi. Law, State, and Society in Modern Iran: Constitutionalism, Autocracy, and Legal Reform, 1906-1941. First edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1330885>.

Eskenazi, Victor. Beyond Constantinople: The Memoirs of an Ottoman Jew. London: I.B. Tauris, 2016. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4711740>.

Fahmy, Khaled. All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.

---. All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2004. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1648990>.

---. In Quest of Justice: Islamic Law and Forensic Medicine in Modern Egypt. Berkerley: University of California Press, 2018. Print.

---. Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009. Web. <https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9786000015084&uid=^u>.

---. ‘The Police and the People in Nineteenth-Century Egypt’. Die Welt des Islams 39.3 (1999): 340–377. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1571253>.

Fasāʼī, Ḥasan ibn Ḥasan, and Heribert Busse. History of Persia Under Qajar Rule. [no. 15]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. Print.

Finkel, Caroline. Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923. London: John Murray, 2006. Print.

Firges, Pascal. French Revolutionaries in the Ottoman Empire: Political Culture, Diplomacy, and the Limits of Universal Revolution, 1792-1798. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Print.

---. French Revolutionaries in the Ottoman Empire: Political Culture, Diplomacy, and the Limits of Universal Revolution, 1792-1798. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4774197>.

Flaubert, Gustave, and Francis Steegmuller. Flaubert in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour. London: Bodley Head, 1972. Print.

Forster, E. M. Alexandria: A History and Guide. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2014. Print.

---. Alexandria: A History and Guide. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2014. Print.

Fortna, Benjamin C. Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=652316>.

Frederick, Anscombe. State, Faith and Nation in Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Lands. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.

Gallant, Thomas W. The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century. The Edinburgh history of the Greeks. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. Print.

---. The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century. N.p., 2015. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4737298>.

Gelvin, James. ‘“The Hatt-i Serif of Gulhane” and “Islahat Fermani”’. The Modern Middle East: A History. Fourth edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. Print.

Gelvin, James L. Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1998. Print.

---. The Modern Middle East: A History. 4th Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. Print.

Gershoni, I., and James P. Jankowski. Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900-1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Print.

Gershoni, I., and James P Jankowski. Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.

Gerwarth, Robert. The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917-1923. London: Allen Lane, 2016. Print.

GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz. A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

---. A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781107253803>.

Gingeras, Ryan. Heroin, Organized Crime, and the Making of Modern Turkey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716020.001.0001>.

---. Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561520.001.0001>.

Gladstone, W.E. Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East. New York: Lovell, Adam, Wesson & Co., 1876. Web. <http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/590418939.pdf>.

Gleave, R. Religion and Society in Qajar Iran: Proceedings of the Conference Held on 4-6 September 2000 in Bristol. Vol. 4. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=199455>.

Graeber, David. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. [Updated and expanded edition]. Brooklyn, New York: Melville House, 2014. Print.

Halevi, Leor. Modern Things on Trial: Islam’s Global and Material Reformation in the Age of Rida, 1865-1935. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5613996>.

Halevi, Sa’adi ben Betsalel, and Isaac Jerusalmi. A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa’adi Besalel a-Levi. Ed. Aron Rodrigue and Sarah Abrevaya Stein. STANFORD, CALIFORNIA: STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2012. Print.

Halim, Hala. Alexandrian Cosmopolitanism: An Archive. New York: Fordham University Press, 2013. Print.

Halman, Talat Sait, and Jayne L. Warner. A Millennium of Turkish Literature: A Concise History. Revised Edition. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. Print.

Hammer, Juliane, and Omid Safi, eds. The Cambridge Companion to American Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Web. <https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139026161>.

Hanioglu, M. Skr. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=457815>.

Hanioglu, M. Sukru. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010. Print.

Hanioglu, M. Sükrü. Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography. Revised paperback edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4816498>.

Hanioglu, M. Sukru. The Young Turks in Opposition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print.

Hanley, Will. ‘Grieving Cosmopolitanism in Middle East Studies’. History Compass 6.5 (2008): 1346–1367. Web.

Hanssen, Jens, and Max Weiss, eds. Arabic Thought Beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Print.

Hassan, Abul, and Margaret Morris Cloake. A Persian at the Court of King George 1809-10: The Journal of Mirza Abul Hassan Khan. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1988. Print.

Hidayat, Saadiq. The Blind Owl. Edinburgh: Rebel Inc, 1997. Print.

Hirst, Anthony, and M. S. Silk. Alexandria, Real and Imagined. Publications for the Centre for Hellenic Studies, King’s College, London. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004. Print.

Holbrook, Victoria Rowe. The Unreadable Shores of Love: Turkish Modernity and Mystic Romance. Austin, Tex: University of Texas Press, 1994. Print.

Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. New and updated edition. London: Faber and Faber, 2013. Print.

---. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Print.

---. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00896>.

Hourani, Albert Habib, Philip S Khoury, and Mary C Wilson. The Modern Middle East: A Reader. 2nd ed. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004. Print.

Howard, Douglas A. A History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Print.

ibn Sbayyil, `Abdallah, and P. M. Kurpershoek. Arabian Romantic: Poems on Bedouin Life and Love. New York: New York University Press, 2018. Print.

Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914. no.8. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. Print.

Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman. Al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt. Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008. Print.

Jabartī, Abd al-Rahman. Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabartī’s Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798. Expanded ed. in honor of Al-Jabartī’s 250th birthday. Princton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2004. Print.

Jones Brydges, Harford, ed. The Dynasty of the Kajars, the Reigning Royal Family of Persia. London: John Bohn, 1833. Web. <https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83019>.

Kafadar, Cemal. ‘The Question of Ottoman Decline’. Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 4 (1997): 30–75. Print.

Karaveli, Halil Magnus. Why Turkey Is Authoritarian: From Ataturk to Erdogan. London: Pluto Press, 2018. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5473162>.

Karpat, Kemal H. ‘The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860-1914’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 17.2 (1985): 175–209. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/163603>.

Kasaba, Reşat, ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey - Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521620963>.

Kasaba, Resat. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.

Kassir, Samir, and M. B. DeBevoise. Beirut. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. Print.

Keddie, Nikki R. Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891-1892. Cass, 1966. Print.

Keddie, Nikki R., and Yann Richard. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Updated ed. New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2006. Print.

---. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Updated ed. New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2006. Print.

Kerr, Malcolm H., and Gustave E. von Grunebaum. Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muḥammad ʻAbduh and Rashīd Riḍā. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. Print.

Khater, Akram Fouad. Sources in the History of the Modern Middle East. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

Khoury, Dina Rizk. State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540-1834. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

Khuri-Makdisi, Ilham. The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860-1914. Vol. 13. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013. Print.

Kieser, Hans-Lukas. Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5344268>.

Kitroeff, Alexander. The Greeks and the Making of Modern Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press, 2019. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=6165601>.

Kiyotaki, Keiko. Ottoman Land Reform in the Province of Baghdad. Leiden, The Netherlands: BRILL, 2019. Print.

Kondo, Nobuaki. Islamic Law and Society in Iran: A Social History of Qajar Tehran. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4834247>.

Kurzman, Charles. Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print.

---. Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print.

---. Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=422916>.

Lambton, Ann K. S. A History of Qajar Persia: Eleven Studies. London: Tauris, 1987. Print.

Landes, DS. Landes: Bankers & Pashas: International Finance & Economic Imperialism in Egypt. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1980. Print.

‘Lausanne Peace Treaty (with Associated Agreements) | Republic of Turkey: Ministry of Foreign Affairs’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.mfa.gov.tr/lausanne-peace-treaty.en.mfa>.

Levi, Melih, Monica M. Ringer, and Ahmet Mithat. Felâtun Bey and Râkim Efendi: An Ottoman Novel. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2016. Print.

Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. 3rd ed. Studies in Middle Eastern history. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print.

Lewis, Geoffrey. The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print.

Lockman, Zachary. Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism. 2nd ed. The contemporary Middle East. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

---. Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.30811>.

Lorentz, John H. ‘Iran’s Great Reformer of the Nineteenth Century: An Analysis of Amir Kabir’s Reforms’. Iranian Studies 4.2 (1971): 85–103. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310085>.

Makdisi, Ussama Samir. Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. Berkeley, [California]: University of California Press, 2000. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=223529>.

---. The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2000. Print.

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Mardin, Şerif. The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2000. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00916>.

Martin, Vanessa. The Qajar Pact: Bargaining, Protest and the State in Nineteenth-Century Persia. Series: International library of Iranian studies; v. 4. London: I. B. Tauris, 2005. Print.

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Menchinger, Ethan L. The First of the Modern Ottomans: The Intellectual History of Ahmed Vasif. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Web. <https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9781108196956&uid=^u>.

Minawi, Mostafa. The Ottoman Scramble for Africa: Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2016. Print.

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Muwayliḥī, Muḥammad, and Roger Allen. What ʻīSā Ibn Hishām Told Us, Or, a Period of Time: Volume One. Ed. Philip F. Kennedy. Library of Arabic Literature. New York: New York University Press, 2015. Print.

Muwayliḥī, Muḥammad, and Roger Allen. What ʻīSā Ibn Hishām Told Us, Or, a Period of Time: Volume Two. Ed. Philip F. Kennedy. Library of Arabic Literature. New York: New York University Press, 2015. Print.

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Pamuk, Orhan. Istanbul: Memories of a City. London: Faber, 2006. Print.

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Peters, Rudolph. ‘“For His Correction and as a Deterrent Example for Others”: Meḥmed ʿAlī’s First Criminal Legislation (1829-1830)’. Islamic Law and Society 6.2 (1999): 164–192. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3399311>.

---. ‘“For His Correction and as a Deterrent Example for Others”: Meḥmed ʿAlī’s First Criminal Legislation (1829-1830)’. Islamic Law and Society 6.2 (1999): 164–192. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3399311>.

---. ‘Idjtihad and Taqlid in 18th and 19th Century Islam’. Die Welt des Islams 20.3/4 (1980): n. pag. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569501>.

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Philliou, Christine May. Biography of an Empire: Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2011. Print.

Powers, David Stephan, Susan A. Spectorsky, and Oussama Arabi. Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists. volume 36. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1474943>.

Provence, Michael. The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Print.

Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press, 2005. Print.

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Roderick Beaton. Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation. Penguin, 2020. Web. <https://smile.amazon.co.uk/Greece-Biography-Modern-Roderick-Beaton/dp/0141986522/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2S8TVLYIHOFOZ&keywords=greece+biography+of+a+modern+nation&qid=1582648681&sprefix=greece+biograph%2Caps%2C168&sr=8-1>.

Rodogno, Davide. Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Print.

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Sedgwick, Mark J. Muhammad Abduh. Oxford: Oneworld, 2010. Print.

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Shaarawi, Huda, and Margot Badran. Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist, 1879-1924. New York: Feminist, 1987. Print.

Shafiee, Katayoun. Machineries of Oil: An Infrastructural History of BP in Iran. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2018. Web. <https://muse.jhu.edu/book/60838/>.

Sharkey, Heather J. A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Print.

Shidyāq, Aḥmad Fāris et al. Leg Over Leg, Or, the Turtle in the Tree: Concerning the Fāriyāq, What Manner of Creature Might He Be. New York: New York University Press, 2014. Print.

Sohrabi, Nader. Revolution and Constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire and Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print.

Sonbol, Amira El Azhary. The Creation of a Medical Profession in Egypt, 1800-1922. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1991. Print.

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Suny, Ronald Grigor. ‘They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else’: A History of the Armenian Genocide. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1935076>.

Suny, Ronald Grigor, Fatma Muge Gocek, and Norman M. Naimark. A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print.

Suny, Ronald Grigor, Fatma Müge Göçek, and Norman M. Naimark. A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195393743.001.0001>.

Ṭahṭāwī, Rifāʿah Rāfiʿ, and Daniel L. Newman. An Imam in Paris : Account of a Stay in France by an Egyptian Cleric (1826-1831) = Takhlīṣ Al-Ibrīz Fī Talkhīṣ Bārīz Aw Al-Dīwān Al-Nafīs Bi-ĪWān Bārīs. New ed. London: Saqi, 2011. Print.

Talattof, Kamran. The Politics of Writing in Iran: A History of Modern Persian Literature. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1999. Print.

Tatrean, Vahram, and Ara Sarafian. To the Desert: Pages From My Diary. Princeton: Gomidas Institute, 2003. Print.

Temelkuran, Ece. Deep Mountain: Across the Turkish-Armenian Divide. London: Verso, 2010. Print.

Temelkuran, Ece, and Zeynep Beler. Turkey: The Insane and the Melancholy. London: Zed Books, 2015. Print.

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---. Justice Interrupted: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Middle East. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2013. Print.

---. Justice Interrupted: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Middle East. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2013. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3301287>.

‘To What Strange Place: Music of the Ottoman-American Diaspora                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Box Set’. 2011 : n. pag. Print.

Tolan, John Victor et al. Europe and the Islamic World: A History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2013. Print.

---. Europe and the Islamic World: A History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2013. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1040748>.

Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

Tucker, Judith E. Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cambridge Middle East library. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00943>.

Tuncer, Ali Coskun. Sovereign Debt and International Financial Control: The Middle East and the Balkans, 1870-1914. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4008580>.

Tūnisī, Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar. In Darfur: An Account of the Sultanate and Its People, Volume One. Ed. Humphrey T. Davies and Devin J. Stewart. New York: New York University Press, 2018. Print.

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Turnaoglu, Banu. The Formation of Turkish Republicanism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4843070>.

Tuson, Penelope. Western Women Travelling East, 1716-1916. Vol. 10. Oxford: The Arcadian Library in association with Oxford University Press, 2014. Print.

Üngör, Uğur Ümit. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=886601>.

Ungor, Ugur Umit. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. N.p., 2012. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=886601>.

Üngör, Uğur Ümit. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.

Ungor, Ugur Umit. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. N.p., 2012. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=886601>.

Vitalis, Robert. When Capitalists Collide: Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Print.

Walcher, Heidi A. and Iran Heritage Foundation. In the Shadow of the King: Zill Al-Sultan and Isfahan Under the Qajars. London: Tauris, 2008. Print.

Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian. The Missing Pages: The Modern Life of a Medieval Manuscript, from Genocide to Justice. Stanford University Press; 1 edition, 2019. Print.

Watenpaugh, Keith David. Bread From Stones: The Middle East and the Making of Modern Humanitarianism. Oakland, Calif: University of California Press, 2015. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.33072>.

Weiss, Max. In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi’ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2010. Print.

---. In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi’ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2010. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3300905>.

White, Benjamin Thomas. The Emergence of Minorities in the Middle East: The Politics of Community in French Mandate Syria. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. Print.

---. The Emergence of Minorities in the Middle East: The Politics of Community in French Mandate Syria. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=767131>.

Wilson, M. Brett. Translating the Qur’an in an Age of Nationalism: Print Culture and Modern Islam in Turkey. Vol. 11. London: Oxford University Press, in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2014. Print.

Woodhead, Christine. The Ottoman World. The Routledge worlds. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011. Print.

Yacoub, Joseph, and James Ferguson. Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide : A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4806694>.

Yaycioglu, Ali. Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2016. Print.

---. Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2016. Web. <http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4455203>.

Yıldız, Aysel Danacı. Crisis and Rebellion in the Ottoman Empire: The Downfall of a Sultan in the Age of Revolution. Vol. 58. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. Print.

Yılmaz, Hale. Becoming Turkish: Nationalist Reforms and Cultural Negotiations in Early Republican Turkey, 1923-1945. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2016. Print.

---. Becoming Turkish: Nationalist Reforms and Cultural Negotiations in Early Republican Turkey, 1923-1945. 1st Edition. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2013. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;scope=site&amp;db=nlebk&amp;db=nlabk&amp;AN=714595>.

Zandi-Sayek, Sibel. Ottoman Izmir: The Rise of a Cosmopolitan Port, 1840-1880. Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota Press, 2012. Print.

Zaydān, Jirjī, and Samah Selim. Tree of Pearls, Queen of Egypt. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2012. Print.

Zurcher, Erik Jan. Turkey: A Modern History. Fourth edition. Vol. 27. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5340611>.