Bibliography for HS2125: The Making of the Modern Middle East

@book{Abrahamian_1982, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={Iran Between Two Revolutions}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Abrahamian, Ervand}, year={1982} }

@book{Abrahamian_2018, address={Cambridge}, title={A History of Modern Iran}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Abrahamian, Ervand}, year={2018} }

@article{Abu-Manneh_1994, title={The Islamic Roots of the Gulhane Rescript}, volume={34}, url={https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570929}, DOI={10.2307/1570929}, number={2}, journal={Die Welt des Islams}, author={Abu-Manneh, Butrus}, year={1994} }

@book{Adıvar_Erol_2009, address={New Brunswick, N.J.}, title={House With Wisteria: Memoirs of Turkey Old and New}, publisher={Transaction Publishers}, author={Adıvar, Halide Edib and Erol, Sibel}, year={2009} }

@book{Ahmad_Eskandari_2014, address={Washington, D.C.}, title={Life at the Court of the Early Qajar Shahs}, publisher={Mage Publishers}, author={Ahmad, Mirza ’Azod Al-Dowleh and Eskandari, Manoutchehr M.}, year={2014} }

@book{Akarli_1993, address={London}, title={The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Akarli, Engin Deniz}, year={1993} }

@book{Akçam_2004, address={New York}, title={From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide}, publisher={Zed Books}, author={Akçam, Taner}, year={2004} }

@book{Akçam_2007, address={London}, title={A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility}, publisher={Constable}, author={Akçam, Taner}, year={2007} }

@book{Akçam_2012, address={Princeton}, title={The Young Turks’ Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.32595}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Akçam, Taner}, year={2012} }

@book{Akcam_2018, address={Basingstoke, Hampshire}, title={Killing Orders: Talat Pasha’s Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Akcam, Taner}, year={2018} }

@book{Aksakal_2008, address={Cambridge}, title={The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War}, url={https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9780511461996&uid=^u}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Aksakal, Mustafa}, year={2008} }

@book{Aksan_2007, address={Harlow}, title={Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged}, publisher={Longman/Pearson}, author={Aksan, Virginia H.}, year={2007} }

@book{Aksan_2018, address={London}, edition={2nd edition}, title={The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1918: An Empire Besieged}, url={https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=6716327}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Aksan, Virginia H.}, year={2018} }

@book{Al-Enazy_2013, address={London}, title={The Creation of Saudi Arabia: Ibn Saud and British Imperial Policy, 1914-1927}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Al-Enazy, Askar H.}, year={2013} }

@book{Alexanian_2017, title={Forced into Genocide: Memoirs of an Armenian Soldier in the Ottoman Turkish Army (Genocide Studies)}, publisher={Routledge; 1 edition}, author={Alexanian, Adrienne G.}, year={2017} }

@book{Alfaro-Velcamp_2007, address={Austin}, title={So Far From Allah, So Close to Mexico: Middle Eastern Immigrants in Modern Mexico}, publisher={University of Texas Press}, author={Alfaro-Velcamp, Theresa}, year={2007} }

@book{Algar_1969, address={Berkeley}, title={Religion and State in Iran, 1785-1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Algar, Hamid}, year={1969} }

@inbook{Allen_1982, address={Syracuse, N.Y.}, edition={2nd ed}, title={The Early Development of the Arabic Novel Tradition}, booktitle={The Arabic Novel: An Historical and Critical Introduction}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Allen, Roger}, year={1982} }

@book{Allen_2005, address={Cambridge}, title={The Arabic Literary Heritage: The Development of Its Genres and Criticism}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Allen, Roger}, year={2005} }

@book{Al-Rasheed_2010, address={Cambridge}, edition={2nd ed}, title={A History of Saudi Arabia}, url={https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9781107253513&uid=^u}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Al-Rasheed, Madawi}, year={2010} }

@book{Amanat_1997, address={London}, title={Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896}, publisher={Tauris}, author={Amanat, Abbas}, year={1997} }

@book{Amanat_2017a, address={New Haven, CT}, title={Iran: A Modern History}, publisher={Yale University Press}, author={Amanat, Abbas}, year={2017} }

@inbook{Amanat_2017b, address={New Haven}, title={The Demise of the Safavid Order}, booktitle={Iran: A Modern History}, publisher={Yale University Press}, author={Amanat, Abbas}, year={2017} }

@book{Amin_Fortna_Frierson_2006a, address={Oxford}, title={The Modern Middle East: A Sourcebook for History}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Amin, Camron Michael and Fortna, Benjamin C. and Frierson, Elizabeth Brown}, year={2006} }

@book{Amin_Fortna_Frierson_2006b, address={Oxford}, title={The Modern Middle East: A Sourcebook for History}, url={http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780191514647}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Amin, Camron Michael and Fortna, Benjamin C. and Frierson, Elizabeth Brown}, year={2006} }

@book{Amin_2000, address={Cairo}, title={The Liberation of Women: And, the New Woman : Two Documents in the History of Egyptian Feminism}, publisher={American University in Cairo Press}, author={Amin, Qasim}, year={2000} }

@book{Anderson_2016, address={Stanford, California}, title={A History of the Modern Middle East: Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Anderson, Betty S.}, year={2016} }

@book{Anderson_1968, address={London}, edition={Repr. (corr.)}, title={The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations}, publisher={Macmillan}, author={Anderson, M. S.}, year={1968} }

@book{Ansari_2019, address={London}, edition={3 ed}, title={The History of Modern Iran Since 1797}, publisher={Taylor & Francis Ltd}, author={Ansari, Ali}, year={2019} }

@book{Arié_Benbassa_Rodrigue_1998a, address={Seattle}, title={A Sephardi Life in Southeastern Europe: The Autobiography and Journal of Gabriel Arié, 1863-1939}, publisher={University of Washington Press}, author={Arié, Gabriel and Benbassa, Esther and Rodrigue, Aron}, year={1998} }

@book{Arié_Benbassa_Rodrigue_1998b, address={Seattle}, title={A Sephardi Life in Southeastern Europe: The Autobiography and Journal of Gabriel Arié, 1863-1939}, publisher={University of Washington Press}, author={Arié, Gabriel and Benbassa, Esther and Rodrigue, Aron}, year={1998} }

@book{Arsan_2014, address={New York}, title={Interlopers of Empire: The Lebanese Diaspora in Colonial French West Africa}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Arsan, Andrew}, year={2014} }

@book{Atabaki_Zürcher_2017, address={London}, title={Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernization Under Atatürk and Reza Shah}, publisher={I.B. Tauris}, author={Atabaki, Touraj and Zürcher, Erik Jan}, year={2017} }

@book{Atatürk_2008, address={Ankara}, edition={Second edition}, title={The Great Speech}, publisher={Ataturk Research Center}, author={Atatürk, Kemal}, year={2008} }

@book{Avery_Hambly_Melville_1991, address={Cambridge}, title={The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic}, url={https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521200950}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Avery, P. and Hambly, G. R. G. and Melville, C.}, year={1991} }

@book{Aydin_2017, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={The Idea of the Muslim World: A Global Intellectual History}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Aydin, Cemil}, year={2017} }

@book{Badawī_1992, address={Cambridge}, title={Modern Arabic Literature}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Badawī, Muḥammad Muṣṭafá}, year={1992} }

@book{Badawī_1993, address={Cambridge}, title={Modern Arabic Literature}, url={https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521331975}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Badawī, Muḥammad Muṣṭafá}, year={1993} }

@book{Badran_1995a, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Badran, Margot}, year={1995} }

@book{Badran_1995b, title={Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.04679}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Badran, Margot}, year={1995} }

@inbook{Balakian_2010, address={New York}, title={From Yozgat to Boghazliyan: The Skulls / The Confessions of a Slayer Captain / Encountering Another Caravan of the Condemned}, booktitle={Armenian Golgotha}, publisher={Vintage Books}, author={Balakian, Grigoris}, year={2010} }

@book{Balakian_Balakian_2010, address={New York}, title={Armenian Golgotha: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1918}, publisher={Random House USA Inc}, author={Balakian, Grigoris and Balakian, Peter}, year={2010} }

@book{Banean_2015, address={Stanford}, title={Goodbye, Antoura: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Banean, Garnik}, year={2015} }

@book{Barak_2013, address={Berkeley, California}, title={On Time: Technology and Temporality in Modern Egypt}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Barak, On}, year={2013} }

@book{Barkey_2008, address={Cambridge}, title={Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Barkey, Karen}, year={2008} }

@book{Baron_1994, address={New Haven}, title={The Women’s Awakening in Egypt: Culture, Society, and the Press}, publisher={Yale University Press}, author={Baron, Beth}, year={1994} }

@book{Barr_2013, address={New York}, title={A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914-1948}, publisher={W.W. Norton & Company}, author={Barr, James}, year={2013} }

@book{Basaran_2014, address={Leiden}, title={Selim III, Social Control and Policing in Istanbul at the End of the Eighteenth Century: Between Crisis and Order}, volume={The Ottoman Empire and its heritage: politics, society and economy}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1744670}, publisher={Brill}, author={Basaran, Betul}, year={2014} }

@book{Bashkin_2010, address={Palo Alto}, title={The Other Iraq: Pluralism and Culture in Hashemite Iraq}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Bashkin, Orit}, year={2010} }

@book{Bashkin_2012, address={Stanford, Calif}, title={New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Bashkin, Orit}, year={2012} }

@book{Batatu_1978, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, Ba’thists, and Free Officers}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Batatu, Hanna}, year={1978} }

@book{Baykal_2019, address={Leiden}, title={The Ottoman Press (1908-1923)}, volume={Volume 67}, publisher={Brill}, author={Baykal, Erol A. F.}, year={2019} }

@book{Beaton_2019, title={Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation}, publisher={Allen Lane}, author={Beaton, Roderick}, year={2019} }

@book{Beinin_1998, address={Berkeley}, title={The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of the Modern Diaspora}, volume={11}, url={http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2290045n/}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Beinin, Joel}, year={1998} }

@book{Berberian_2019, address={Oakland, California}, title={Roving Revolutionaries: Armenians and the Connected Revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman Worlds}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Berberian, Houri}, year={2019} }

@book{Berkes_1998, address={New York}, title={The Development of Secularism in Turkey}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Berkes, Niyazi}, year={1998} }

@book{Booth_2001, address={Berkeley, [Calif.]}, title={May Her Likes Be Multiplied: Biography and Gender Politics in Egypt}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.04418}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Booth, Marilyn}, year={2001} }

@book{Booth_2015a, address={Edinburgh}, title={Classes of Ladies of Cloistered Spaces: Writing Feminist History Through Biography in Fin-De-Siècle Egypt}, publisher={Edinburgh University Press}, author={Booth, Marilyn}, year={2015} }

@book{Booth_2015b, title={Classes of Ladies of Cloistered Spaces: Writing Feminist History Through Biography in Fin De Siècle Egypt}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4462437}, author={Booth, Marilyn}, year={2015} }

@book{Boskovic_2018, title={Jelena Dimitrijevic: Letters From Salonika}, volume={3}, publisher={Gorgias Press}, author={Boskovic, Vladimir D.}, year={2018} }

@book{Boyar_Fleet_2010, address={Cambridge}, title={A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Boyar, Ebru and Fleet, Kate}, year={2010} }

@book{Byzantios_2019a, title={Constantinople - Volume I}, publisher={İstos Yayincilik}, author={Byzantios, Skarlatos}, year={2019} }

@book{Byzantios_2019b, title={Constantinople - Volume I}, publisher={İstos Yayincilik}, author={Byzantios, Skarlatos}, year={2019} }

@book{Can_2020, address={Stanford, California}, title={Spiritual Subjects: Central Asian Pilgrims and the Ottoman Hajj at the End of Empire}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Can, Lâle}, year={2020} }

@book{Çelik_1997, address={Berkeley, Calif}, title={Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule}, url={http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8c6009jk/}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Çelik, Zeynep}, year={1997} }

@book{Chatty_2017a, address={London}, title={Syria: The Making and Unmaking of a Refuge State}, publisher={Hurst & Company}, author={Chatty, Dawn}, year={2017} }

@book{Chatty_2017b, address={London}, title={Syria: The Making and Unmaking of a Refuge State}, publisher={Hurst & Company}, author={Chatty, Dawn}, year={2017} }

@book{Clancy-Smith_2012, address={Berkeley, Calif}, title={Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, C. 1800-1900}, volume={15}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann}, year={2012} }

@book{Cleveland_Bunton_2016, address={Boulder}, edition={Sixth edition}, title={A History of the Modern Middle East}, publisher={Westview Press}, author={Cleveland, William L. and Bunton, Martin P.}, year={2016} }

@book{Clogg_1976, address={New York}, title={The Movement for Greek Independence, 1770-1821: A Collection of Documents}, publisher={Barnes & Noble}, author={Clogg, Richard}, year={1976} }

@article{Cohen_2012, title={Between Civic and Islamic Ottomanism: Jewish Imperial Citizenship in the Hamidian Era}, volume={44}, url={https://www.jstor.org/stable/41475017}, DOI={10.1017/S0020743812000037}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Cohen, Julia Phillips}, year={2012}, pages={237–255} }

@book{Cohen_2014, address={New York}, title={Becoming Ottomans: Sephardi Jews and Imperial Citizenship in the Modern Era}, url={https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3055870}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Cohen, Julia Phillips}, year={2014} }

@book{Cohen_2017, address={New York}, title={Becoming Ottomans: Sephardi Jews and Imperial Citizenship in the Modern Era}, url={https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3055870}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Cohen, Julia Phillips}, year={2017} }

@book{Cooke_2010, address={Richmond}, title={Nazira Zeineddine: A Pioneer of Islamic Feminism}, volume={Makers of the Muslim world}, publisher={Oneworld}, author={Cooke, Miriam}, year={2010} }

@book{Cuno_2015, address={New York}, title={Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Egypt}, volume={Gender and globalization series}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Cuno, Kenneth M.}, year={2015} }

@book{Daly_1998a, address={Cambridge}, title={The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume 2: Modern Egypt, From 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Daly, M. W.}, year={1998} }

@book{Daly_1998b, address={Cambridge}, title={The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2: Modern Egypt, From 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century}, url={https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521472111}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Daly, M. W.}, year={1998} }

@book{Davis_1983, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={Challenging Colonialism: Bank Misr and Egyptian Industrialization, 1920-1941}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1701206}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Davis, Eric}, year={1983} }

@book{De Bellaigue_2017, address={London}, title={The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason}, publisher={Bodley Head}, author={De Bellaigue, Christopher}, year={2017} }

@book{De Waal_2015, address={Oxford}, title={Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1876215}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={De Waal, Thomas}, year={2015} }

@book{Der Matossian_2014, address={Stanford, California}, title={Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Der Matossian, Bedross}, year={2014} }

@book{Deringil_2011, address={London}, title={The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909}, publisher={I.B. Tauris}, author={Deringil, Selim}, year={2011} }

@book{Di-Capua_2009, address={Berkeley, Calif}, title={Gatekeepers of the Arab Past: Historians and History Writing in Twentieth-Century Egypt}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Di-Capua, Yoav}, year={2009} }

@book{Ekmekçioǧlu_2016, address={Stanford, California}, title={Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Ekmekçioǧlu, Lerna}, year={2016} }

@book{Ekmekçioğlu_2016, address={Stanford, California}, title={Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4414765}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna}, year={2016} }

@book{Enayat_2013, address={New York}, edition={First edition}, title={Law, State, and Society in Modern Iran: Constitutionalism, Autocracy, and Legal Reform, 1906-1941}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1330885}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Enayat, Hadi}, year={2013} }

@book{Eskenazi_2016, address={London}, title={Beyond Constantinople: The Memoirs of an Ottoman Jew}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4711740}, publisher={I.B. Tauris}, author={Eskenazi, Victor}, year={2016} }

@book{Fahmy_1997, address={Cambridge}, title={All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Fahmy, Khaled}, year={1997} }

@article{Fahmy_1999, title={The Police and the People in Nineteenth-Century Egypt}, volume={39}, url={http://www.jstor.org/stable/1571253}, number={3}, journal={Die Welt des Islams}, publisher={Brill}, author={Fahmy, Khaled}, year={1999}, pages={340–377} }

@book{Fahmy_2004, address={Cairo}, title={All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1648990}, publisher={American University in Cairo Press}, author={Fahmy, Khaled}, year={2004} }

@book{Fahmy_2009, address={Oxford}, title={Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt}, url={https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9786000015084&uid=^u}, publisher={Oneworld}, author={Fahmy, Khaled}, year={2009} }

@book{Fahmy_2018, address={Berkerley}, title={In Quest of Justice: Islamic Law and Forensic Medicine in Modern Egypt}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Fahmy, Khaled}, year={2018} }

@book{Fasāʼī_Busse_1972, address={New York}, title={History of Persia Under Qajar Rule}, volume={[no. 15]}, publisher={Columbia University Press}, author={Fasāʼī, Ḥasan ibn Ḥasan and Busse, Heribert}, year={1972} }

@book{Finkel_2006, address={London}, title={Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923}, publisher={John Murray}, author={Finkel, Caroline}, year={2006} }

@book{Firges_2017a, address={Oxford}, title={French Revolutionaries in the Ottoman Empire: Political Culture, Diplomacy, and the Limits of Universal Revolution, 1792-1798}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Firges, Pascal}, year={2017} }

@book{Firges_2017b, address={Oxford}, title={French Revolutionaries in the Ottoman Empire: Political Culture, Diplomacy, and the Limits of Universal Revolution, 1792-1798}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4774197}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Firges, Pascal}, year={2017} }

@book{Flaubert_Steegmuller_1972, address={London}, title={Flaubert in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour}, publisher={Bodley Head}, author={Flaubert, Gustave and Steegmuller, Francis}, year={1972} }

@book{Forster_2014a, address={London}, title={Alexandria: A History and Guide}, publisher={Tauris Parke Paperbacks}, author={Forster, E. M.}, year={2014} }

@book{Forster_2014b, address={London}, title={Alexandria: A History and Guide}, publisher={Tauris Parke Paperbacks}, author={Forster, E. M.}, year={2014} }

@book{Fortna_2011, address={Basingstoke}, title={Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=652316}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Fortna, Benjamin C.}, year={2011} }

@book{Frederick_2014, title={State, Faith and Nation in Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Lands}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Frederick, Anscombe}, year={2014} }

@book{Gallant_2015a, address={Edinburgh}, title={The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century}, volume={The Edinburgh history of the Greeks}, publisher={Edinburgh University Press}, author={Gallant, Thomas W.}, year={2015} }

@book{Gallant_2015b, title={The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4737298}, author={Gallant, Thomas W.}, year={2015} }

@inbook{Gelvin_2016a, address={New York}, edition={Fourth edition}, title={‘The Hatt-i serif of Gulhane’ and ‘Islahat Fermani’}, booktitle={The Modern Middle East: A History}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Gelvin, James}, year={2016} }

@book{Gelvin_1998, address={Berkeley, Calif}, title={Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Gelvin, James L.}, year={1998} }

@book{Gelvin_2016b, address={New York}, edition={4th Edition}, title={The Modern Middle East: A History}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Gelvin, James L.}, year={2016} }

@book{Gershoni_Jankowski_1986, address={New York}, title={Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900-1930}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Gershoni, I. and Jankowski, James P.}, year={1986} }

@book{Gershoni_Jankowski_1995, address={Cambridge}, title={Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945}, volume={2}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Gershoni, I. and Jankowski, James P}, year={1995} }

@book{Gerwarth_2016, address={London}, title={The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917-1923}, publisher={Allen Lane}, author={Gerwarth, Robert}, year={2016} }

@book{GhaneaBassiri_2010a, address={New York}, title={A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz}, year={2010} }

@book{GhaneaBassiri_2010b, address={New York}, title={A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order}, url={http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781107253803}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz}, year={2010} }

@book{Gingeras_2009, address={Oxford}, title={Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561520.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Gingeras, Ryan}, year={2009} }

@book{Gingeras_2014, address={Oxford}, title={Heroin, Organized Crime, and the Making of Modern Turkey}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716020.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Gingeras, Ryan}, year={2014} }

@book{Gladstone_1876, address={New York}, title={Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East}, url={http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/590418939.pdf}, publisher={Lovell, Adam, Wesson & Co.}, author={Gladstone, W.E.}, year={1876} }

@book{Gleave_2005, address={London}, title={Religion and Society in Qajar Iran: Proceedings of the Conference Held on 4-6 September 2000 in Bristol}, volume={4}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=199455}, publisher={RoutledgeCurzon}, author={Gleave, R.}, year={2005} }

@book{Graeber_2014, address={Brooklyn, New York}, edition={[Updated and expanded edition]}, title={Debt: The First 5,000 Years}, publisher={Melville House}, author={Graeber, David}, year={2014} }

@book{Halevi_2019, address={New York}, title={Modern things on trial: Islam’s global and material reformation in the age of Rida, 1865-1935}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5613996}, publisher={Columbia University Press}, author={Halevi, Leor}, year={2019} }

@book{Halevi_Jerusalmi_2012, address={STANFORD, CALIFORNIA}, title={A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa’adi Besalel a-Levi}, publisher={STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS}, author={Halevi, Sa’adi ben Betsalel and Jerusalmi, Isaac}, editor={Rodrigue, Aron and Stein, Sarah Abrevaya}, year={2012} }

@book{Halim_2013, address={New York}, title={Alexandrian Cosmopolitanism: An Archive}, publisher={Fordham University Press}, author={Halim, Hala}, year={2013} }

@book{Halman_Warner_2011, address={Syracuse, N.Y.}, edition={Revised Edition}, title={A Millennium of Turkish Literature: A Concise History}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Halman, Talat Sait and Warner, Jayne L.}, year={2011} }

@book{Hanioglu_2008, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=457815}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Hanioglu, M. Skr}, year={2008} }

@book{Hanioglu_1995, address={New York}, title={The Young Turks in Opposition}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Hanioglu, M. Sukru}, year={1995} }

@book{Hanioglu_2010, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Hanioglu, M. Sukru}, year={2010} }

@book{Hanioglu_2017, address={Princeton}, edition={Revised paperback edition}, title={Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4816498}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Hanioglu, M. Sükrü}, year={2017} }

@article{Hanley_2008, title={Grieving Cosmopolitanism in Middle East Studies}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00545.x}, number={5}, journal={History Compass}, author={Hanley, Will}, year={2008}, pages={1346–1367} }

@book{Hassan_Cloake_1988, address={London}, title={A Persian at the Court of King George 1809-10: The Journal of Mirza Abul Hassan Khan}, publisher={Barrie & Jenkins}, author={Hassan, Abul and Cloake, Margaret Morris}, year={1988} }

@book{Hidayat_1997, address={Edinburgh}, title={The Blind Owl}, publisher={Rebel Inc}, author={Hidayat, Saadiq}, year={1997} }

@book{Hirst_Silk_2004, address={Aldershot}, title={Alexandria, Real and Imagined}, volume={Publications for the Centre for Hellenic Studies, King’s College, London}, publisher={Ashgate}, author={Hirst, Anthony and Silk, M. S.}, year={2004} }

@book{Holbrook_1994, address={Austin, Tex}, title={The Unreadable Shores of Love: Turkish Modernity and Mystic Romance}, publisher={University of Texas Press}, author={Holbrook, Victoria Rowe}, year={1994} }

@book{Hourani_1983a, address={Cambridge}, title={Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Hourani, Albert}, year={1983} }

@book{Hourani_1983b, address={Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]}, title={Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00896}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Hourani, Albert}, year={1983} }

@book{Hourani_2013, address={London}, edition={New and updated edition}, title={A History of the Arab Peoples}, publisher={Faber and Faber}, author={Hourani, Albert}, year={2013} }

@book{Hourani_Khoury_Wilson_2004, address={London}, edition={2nd ed}, title={The Modern Middle East: A Reader}, publisher={I.B. Tauris}, author={Hourani, Albert Habib and Khoury, Philip S and Wilson, Mary C}, year={2004} }

@book{Howard_2016, address={Cambridge}, title={A History of the Ottoman Empire}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Howard, Douglas A.}, year={2016} }

@book{Issawi_1971, address={Chicago}, title={The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914}, volume={no.8}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Issawi, Charles}, year={1971} }

@book{Jabartī_2004, address={Princton, NJ}, edition={Expanded ed. in honor of Al-Jabartī’s 250th birthday}, title={Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabartī’s Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798}, publisher={Markus Wiener}, author={Jabartī, Abd al-Rahman}, year={2004} }

@book{Jabarti_2008, title={Al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt}, publisher={Markus Wiener Publishers}, author={Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman}, year={2008} }

@article{Kafadar_1997, title={The Question of Ottoman Decline}, volume={4}, journal={Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review}, author={Kafadar, Cemal}, year={1997}, pages={30–75} }

@book{Karaveli_2018, address={London}, title={Why Turkey Is Authoritarian: From Ataturk to Erdogan}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5473162}, publisher={Pluto Press}, author={Karaveli, Halil Magnus}, year={2018} }

@article{Karpat_1985, title={The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860-1914}, volume={17}, url={https://www.jstor.org/stable/163603}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Middle East Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Karpat, Kemal H.}, year={1985}, pages={175–209} }

@book{Kasaba_2008a, address={Cambridge}, title={The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Kasaba, Resat}, year={2008} }

@book{Kassir_DeBevoise_2011, address={Berkeley}, title={Beirut}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Kassir, Samir and DeBevoise, M. B.}, year={2011} }

@book{Keddie_1966, title={Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891-1892}, publisher={Cass}, author={Keddie, Nikki R.}, year={1966} }

@book{Keddie_Richard_2006a, address={New Haven, [Conn.]}, edition={Updated ed}, title={Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution}, publisher={Yale University Press}, author={Keddie, Nikki R. and Richard, Yann}, year={2006} }

@book{Keddie_Richard_2006b, address={New Haven, [Conn.]}, edition={Updated ed}, title={Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution}, publisher={Yale University Press}, author={Keddie, Nikki R. and Richard, Yann}, year={2006} }

@book{Kerr_von Grunebaum_1966, address={Berkeley}, title={Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muḥammad ʻAbduh and Rashīd Riḍā}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Kerr, Malcolm H. and von Grunebaum, Gustave E.}, year={1966} }

@book{Khater_2011, address={Boston, MA}, edition={2nd ed}, title={Sources in the History of the Modern Middle East}, publisher={Wadsworth/Cengage Learning}, author={Khater, Akram Fouad}, year={2011} }

@book{Khoury_2002, title={State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540-1834}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Khoury, Dina Rizk}, year={2002} }

@book{Khuri-Makdisi_2013, address={Berkeley}, title={The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860-1914}, volume={13}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Khuri-Makdisi, Ilham}, year={2013} }

@book{Kieser_2018, address={Princeton, New Jersey}, title={Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5344268}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Kieser, Hans-Lukas}, year={2018} }

@book{Kitroeff_2019, address={Cairo, Egypt}, title={The Greeks and the making of modern Egypt}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=6165601}, publisher={The American University in Cairo Press}, author={Kitroeff, Alexander}, year={2019} }

@book{Kiyotaki_2019, address={Leiden, The Netherlands}, title={Ottoman Land Reform in the Province of Baghdad}, publisher={BRILL}, author={Kiyotaki, Keiko}, year={2019} }

@book{Kondo_2017, address={Abingdon}, title={Islamic Law and Society in Iran: A Social History of Qajar Tehran}, url={https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4834247}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Kondo, Nobuaki}, year={2017} }

@book{Kurzman_1998, address={New York}, title={Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Kurzman, Charles}, year={1998} }

@book{Kurzman_2002a, address={Oxford}, title={Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Kurzman, Charles}, year={2002} }

@book{Kurzman_2002b, address={Oxford}, title={Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=422916}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Kurzman, Charles}, year={2002} }

@book{Lambton_1987, address={London}, title={A History of Qajar Persia: Eleven Studies}, publisher={Tauris}, author={Lambton, Ann K. S.}, year={1987} }

@book{Landes_1980, address={Cambridge, Mass}, title={Landes: Bankers & Pashas: International Finance & Economic Imperialism in Egypt}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Landes, DS}, year={1980} }

@book{Levi_Ringer_Ahmet Mithat_2016, address={Syracuse}, title={Felâtun Bey and Râkim Efendi: An Ottoman Novel}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Levi, Melih and Ringer, Monica M. and Ahmet Mithat}, year={2016} }

@book{Lewis_2002a, address={New York}, edition={3rd ed}, title={The Emergence of Modern Turkey}, volume={Studies in Middle Eastern history}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Lewis, Bernard}, year={2002} }

@book{Lewis_2002b, address={Oxford}, title={The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Lewis, Geoffrey}, year={2002} }

@book{Lockman_2010a, address={New York}, edition={2nd ed}, title={Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism}, volume={The contemporary Middle East}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Lockman, Zachary}, year={2010} }

@book{Lockman_2010b, address={Cambridge, UK}, edition={2nd ed}, title={Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism}, volume={3}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.30811}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Lockman, Zachary}, year={2010} }

@article{Lorentz_1971, title={Iran’s Great Reformer of the Nineteenth Century: An Analysis of Amir Kabir’s Reforms}, volume={4}, url={https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310085}, number={2}, journal={Iranian Studies}, publisher={Taylor & Francis, Ltd.}, author={Lorentz, John H.}, year={1971}, pages={85–103} }

@book{Makdisi_2000a, address={Berkeley, Calif}, title={The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Makdisi, Ussama Samir}, year={2000} }

@book{Makdisi_2000b, address={Berkeley, [California]}, title={Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=223529}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Makdisi, Ussama Samir}, year={2000} }

@book{Mango_1999, address={London}, title={Atatürk}, publisher={John Murray}, author={Mango, Andrew}, year={1999} }

@book{Mansfield_Pelham_2013, address={London}, edition={Fourth edition}, title={A History of the Middle East}, publisher={Penguin Books}, author={Mansfield, Peter and Pelham, Nicolas}, year={2013} }

@book{Mardin_2000a, address={Syracuse, N.Y.}, title={The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Mardin, Serif}, year={2000} }

@book{Mardin_2000b, address={Syracuse, N.Y.}, title={The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00916}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Mardin, Şerif}, year={2000} }

@book{Martin_2005, address={London}, title={The Qajar Pact: Bargaining, Protest and the State in Nineteenth-Century Persia}, volume={Series: International library of Iranian studies; v. 4}, publisher={I. B. Tauris}, author={Martin, Vanessa}, year={2005} }

@book{Masters_2013, address={Cambridge}, title={The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Masters, Bruce Alan}, year={2013} }

@book{Mazower_2005, address={London}, title={Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950}, publisher={Harper Perennial}, author={Mazower, Mark}, year={2005} }

@book{McDougall_2017, address={Cambridge}, title={A History of Algeria}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={McDougall, James}, year={2017} }

@book{McMeekin_2016, address={New York, New York}, title={The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923}, publisher={Penguin Books}, author={McMeekin, Sean}, year={2016} }

@book{Meerza_1839, address={London}, title={Journal of a Residence in England, and of a Journey From and to Syria}, url={https://archive.org/details/journalofresiden02naja}, author={Meerza, Najaf Koolee}, year={1839} }

@book{Melville_Avery_Hambly_1991, address={Cambridge}, title={The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Melville, Charles and Avery, Peter and Hambly, Gavin}, year={1991} }

@book{Menchinger_2017, address={Cambridge}, title={The First of the Modern Ottomans: The Intellectual History of Ahmed Vasif}, url={https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9781108196956&uid=^u}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Menchinger, Ethan L.}, year={2017} }

@book{Minawi_2016, address={Stanford, California}, title={The Ottoman Scramble for Africa: Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Minawi, Mostafa}, year={2016} }

@book{Mitchell_1988a, address={Cambridge}, title={Colonising Egypt}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Mitchell, Timothy}, year={1988} }

@book{Mitchell_1988b, address={Berkeley}, title={Colonising Egypt}, url={http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft587006k2/}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Mitchell, Timothy}, year={1988} }

@book{Morris_2019, title={The Thirty-Year Genocide}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Morris, Benny}, year={2019} }

@book{Muwayliḥī,_Allen_2015, address={New York}, title={What ʻīSā Ibn Hishām Told Us, Or, a Period of Time: Volume One}, volume={Library of Arabic Literature}, publisher={New York University Press}, author={Muwayliḥī, Muḥammad and Allen, Roger}, editor={Kennedy, Philip F.}, year={2015} }

@book{Muwayliḥī_Allen_2015, address={New York}, title={What ʻīSā Ibn Hishām Told Us, Or, a Period of Time: Volume Two}, volume={Library of Arabic Literature}, publisher={New York University Press}, author={Muwayliḥī, Muḥammad and Allen, Roger}, editor={Kennedy, Philip F.}, year={2015} }

@book{Naff_Owen_1977, address={Carbondale}, title={Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History}, volume={4}, publisher={Southern Illinois University Press}, author={Naff, Thomas and Owen, Roger}, year={1977} }

@book{Nakash_1994, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={The Shi’is of Iraq}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Nakash, Yitzhak}, year={1994} }

@book{Owen_1981a, address={London}, edition={Rev. pbk. ed}, title={The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800-1914}, publisher={I.B. Tauris}, author={Owen, Roger}, year={1981} }

@book{Owen_1981b, address={London}, edition={Rev. pbk. ed}, title={The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800-1914}, url={https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9786000019389&uid=^u}, publisher={I.B. Tauris}, author={Owen, Roger}, year={1981} }

@book{Owen_2004, address={Oxford}, title={Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Owen, Roger}, year={2004} }

@book{Pamuk_2006, address={London}, title={Istanbul: Memories of a City}, publisher={Faber}, author={Pamuk, Orhan}, year={2006} }

@book{Pamuk_2010, address={Cambridge}, title={The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism, 1820-1913: Trade, Investment and Production}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Pamuk, Şevket}, year={2010} }

@book{Pappé_2014a, address={London}, edition={Third edition}, title={The Modern Middle East: A Social and Cultural History}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Pappé, Ilan}, year={2014} }

@book{Pappé_2014b, address={London}, edition={Third edition}, title={The Modern Middle East: A Social and Cultural History}, url={https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1659220}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Pappé, Ilan}, year={2014} }

@article{Peters_1980, title={Idjtihad and Taqlid in 18th and 19th Century Islam}, volume={20}, url={https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569501}, DOI={10.2307/1569501}, number={3/4}, journal={Die Welt des Islams}, author={Peters, Rudolph}, year={1980} }

@article{Peters_1999a, title={‘For His Correction and as a Deterrent Example for Others’: Meḥmed ʿAlī’s First Criminal Legislation (1829-1830)}, volume={6}, url={http://www.jstor.org/stable/3399311}, number={2}, journal={Islamic Law and Society}, publisher={Brill}, author={Peters, Rudolph}, year={1999}, pages={164–192} }

@article{Peters_1999b, title={‘For His Correction and as a Deterrent Example for Others’: Meḥmed ʿAlī’s First Criminal Legislation (1829-1830)}, volume={6}, url={http://www.jstor.org/stable/3399311}, number={2}, journal={Islamic Law and Society}, publisher={Brill}, author={Peters, Rudolph}, year={1999}, pages={164–192} }

@book{Philliou_2011a, title={Biography of an Empire}, url={https://librarysearch.royalholloway.ac.uk:443/44ROY_VU2:LSCOP_44ROY_NOTJOURNAL:44ROY_ALMA_DS5139726070002671}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Philliou, Christine M.}, year={2011} }

@book{Philliou_2011b, address={Berkeley, Calif}, title={Biography of an Empire: Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Philliou, Christine May}, year={2011} }

@book{Powers_Spectorsky_Arabi_2013, address={Leiden}, title={Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists}, volume={volume 36}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1474943}, publisher={Brill}, author={Powers, David Stephan and Spectorsky, Susan A. and Arabi, Oussama}, year={2013} }

@book{Provence_2017, address={Cambridge}, title={The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Provence, Michael}, year={2017} }

@book{Quataert_2005, address={Cambridge}, edition={2nd ed}, title={The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922}, publisher={Cambrige University Press}, author={Quataert, Donald}, year={2005} }

@book{Raymond_2000, address={Harvard}, title={Cairo}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Raymond, André}, year={2000} }

@book{Rejwan_2004, address={Austin}, edition={1st ed}, title={The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland}, publisher={University of Texas Press}, author={Rejwan, Nissim}, year={2004} }

@book{Riḍā_1996, address={Alexandria, Va}, title={The Muhammadan Revelation}, publisher={Al Saadawi Publications}, author={Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd}, year={1996} }

@book{Robson_2017, address={Oakland, California}, title={States of Separation: Transfer, Partition, and the Making of the Modern Middle East}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Robson, Laura}, year={2017} }

@book{Roderick Beaton_2020, title={Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation}, url={https://smile.amazon.co.uk/Greece-Biography-Modern-Roderick-Beaton/dp/0141986522/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2S8TVLYIHOFOZ&keywords=greece+biography+of+a+modern+nation&qid=1582648681&sprefix=greece+biograph%2Caps%2C168&sr=8-1}, publisher={Penguin}, author={Roderick Beaton}, year={2020} }

@book{Rodogno_2012a, address={Princeton}, title={Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Rodogno, Davide}, year={2012} }

@book{Rodogno_2012b, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914 : The Emergence of a European Concept and International Practice}, url={http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781400840014}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Rodogno, Davide}, year={2012} }

@book{Rogan_2012, address={London}, edition={2nd ed}, title={The Arabs: A History}, publisher={Penguin}, author={Rogan, Eugene L.}, year={2012} }

@book{Rogan_2016, address={[London]}, title={The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, 1914-1920}, publisher={Penguin Books}, author={Rogan, Eugene L.}, year={2016} }

@book{Safi_Hammer_2013, address={Cambridge}, title={The Cambridge Companion to American Islam}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Safi, Omid and Hammer, Juliane}, year={2013} }

@book{Said_2003, address={London}, edition={[New ed.]}, title={Orientalism}, publisher={Penguin}, author={Said, Edward W.}, year={2003} }

@book{Salibi_2014, address={London}, title={A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered}, publisher={I. B. Tauris}, author={Salibi, Kamal S.}, year={2014} }

@book{Saracoglu_2018, address={Edinburgh}, title={Nineteenth-Century Local Governance in Ottoman Bulgaria: Politics in Provincial Councils}, publisher={Edinburgh University Press}, author={Saracoglu, Safa}, year={2018} }

@book{ibn Sbayyil_Kurpershoek_2018, address={New York}, title={Arabian Romantic: Poems on Bedouin Life and Love}, publisher={New York University Press}, author={ibn Sbayyil, `Abdallah and Kurpershoek, P. M.}, year={2018} }

@book{Schayegh_2017, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={The Middle East and the Making of the Modern World}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Schayegh, Cyrus}, year={2017} }

@book{Sedgwick_2010a, address={Oxford}, title={Muhammad Abduh}, publisher={Oneworld}, author={Sedgwick, Mark J.}, year={2010} }

@book{Sedgwick_2010b, address={Oxford}, title={Muhammad Abduh}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1771873}, publisher={Oneworld}, author={Sedgwick, Mark J.}, year={2010} }

@book{Shaarawi_Badran_1987, address={New York}, title={Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist, 1879-1924}, publisher={Feminist}, author={Shaarawi, Huda and Badran, Margot}, year={1987} }

@book{Shafiee_2018, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={Machineries of Oil: An Infrastructural History of BP in Iran}, url={https://muse.jhu.edu/book/60838/}, publisher={The MIT Press}, author={Shafiee, Katayoun}, year={2018} }

@book{Sharkey_2017, address={Cambridge}, title={A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Sharkey, Heather J.}, year={2017} }

@book{Shidyāq_Davies_Shidyāq_Shidyāq_2014, address={New York}, title={Leg Over Leg, Or, the Turtle in the Tree: Concerning the Fāriyāq, What Manner of Creature Might He Be}, publisher={New York University Press}, author={Shidyāq, Aḥmad Fāris and Davies, Humphrey T. and Shidyāq, Aḥmad Fāris and Shidyāq, Aḥmad Fāris}, year={2014} }

@book{Sohrabi_2011, address={New York}, title={Revolution and Constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire and Iran}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Sohrabi, Nader}, year={2011} }

@book{Sonbol_1991, address={Syracuse, N.Y.}, title={The Creation of a Medical Profession in Egypt, 1800-1922}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Sonbol, Amira El Azhary}, year={1991} }

@book{Spencer_1954, title={Fair Greece, Sad Relic: Literary Philhellenism From Shakespeare to Byron}, publisher={Weidenfeld & Nicolson}, author={Spencer, T. J. B.}, year={1954} }

@book{Suny_2015, address={Princeton}, title={‘They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else’: A History of the Armenian Genocide}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1935076}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Suny, Ronald Grigor}, year={2015} }

@book{Suny_Gocek_Naimark_2011, address={Oxford}, title={A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Suny, Ronald Grigor and Gocek, Fatma Muge and Naimark, Norman M.}, year={2011} }

@book{Suny_Göçek_Naimark_2011, address={New York}, title={A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195393743.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Suny, Ronald Grigor and Göçek, Fatma Müge and Naimark, Norman M.}, year={2011} }

@book{Ṭahṭāwī_Newman_2011, address={London}, edition={New ed}, title={An Imam in Paris : Account of a Stay in France by an Egyptian Cleric (1826-1831) = Takhlīṣ Al-Ibrīz Fī Talkhīṣ Bārīz Aw Al-Dīwān Al-Nafīs Bi-ĪWān Bārīs}, publisher={Saqi}, author={Ṭahṭāwī, Rifāʿah Rāfiʿ and Newman, Daniel L.}, year={2011} }

@book{Talattof_1999, address={Syracuse, NY}, title={The Politics of Writing in Iran: A History of Modern Persian Literature}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Talattof, Kamran}, year={1999} }

@book{Tatrean_Sarafian_2003, address={Princeton}, title={To the Desert: Pages From My Diary}, publisher={Gomidas Institute}, author={Tatrean, Vahram and Sarafian, Ara}, year={2003} }

@book{Temelkuran_2010, address={London}, title={Deep Mountain: Across the Turkish-Armenian Divide}, publisher={Verso}, author={Temelkuran, Ece}, year={2010} }

@book{Temelkuran_Beler_2015, address={London}, title={Turkey: The Insane and the Melancholy}, publisher={Zed Books}, author={Temelkuran, Ece and Beler, Zeynep}, year={2015} }

@book{Thompson_2000, address={New York}, title={Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon}, publisher={Columbia University Press}, author={Thompson, Elizabeth}, year={2000} }

@book{Thompson_2013a, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={Justice Interrupted: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Middle East}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Thompson, Elizabeth}, year={2013} }

@book{Thompson_2013b, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={Justice Interrupted: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Middle East}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3301287}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Thompson, Elizabeth}, year={2013} }

@book{Tolan_Veinstein_Laurens_Todd_2013a, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={Europe and the Islamic World: A History}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Tolan, John Victor and Veinstein, Gilles and Laurens, Henry and Todd, Jane Marie}, year={2013} }

@book{Tolan_Veinstein_Laurens_Todd_2013b, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={Europe and the Islamic World: A History}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1040748}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Tolan, John Victor and Veinstein, Gilles and Laurens, Henry and Todd, Jane Marie}, year={2013} }

@book{Tripp_2007, address={Cambridge}, edition={3rd ed}, title={A History of Iraq}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Tripp, Charles}, year={2007} }

@book{Tucker_1985, address={Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]}, title={Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt}, volume={Cambridge Middle East library}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00943}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Tucker, Judith E.}, year={1985} }

@book{Tuncer_2015, address={Basingstoke, Hampshire}, title={Sovereign Debt and International Financial Control: The Middle East and the Balkans, 1870-1914}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4008580}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Tuncer, Ali Coskun}, year={2015} }

@book{Tūnisī_2018a, address={New York}, title={In Darfur: An Account of the Sultanate and Its People, Volume One}, publisher={New York University Press}, author={Tūnisī, Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar}, editor={Davies, Humphrey T. and Stewart, Devin J.}, year={2018} }

@book{Tūnisī_2018b, address={New York}, title={In Darfur: An Account of the Sultanate and Its People, Volume Two}, publisher={New York University Press}, author={Tūnisī, Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar}, editor={Davies, Humphrey T. and Stewart, Devin J.}, year={2018} }

@book{Turnaoglu_2017, address={Princeton}, title={The Formation of Turkish Republicanism}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4843070}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Turnaoglu, Banu}, year={2017} }

@book{Tuson_2014, address={Oxford}, title={Western Women Travelling East, 1716-1916}, volume={10}, publisher={The Arcadian Library in association with Oxford University Press}, author={Tuson, Penelope}, year={2014} }

@book{Üngör_2012a, address={Oxford}, title={The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950}, url={https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=886601}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Üngör, Uğur Ümit}, year={2012} }

@book{Ungor_2012a, title={The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=886601}, author={Ungor, Ugur Umit}, year={2012} }

@book{Üngör_2012b, address={Oxford}, title={The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Üngör, Uğur Ümit}, year={2012} }

@book{Ungor_2012b, title={The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=886601}, author={Ungor, Ugur Umit}, year={2012} }

@book{Vitalis_1995, address={Berkeley}, title={When Capitalists Collide: Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Vitalis, Robert}, year={1995} }

@book{Walcher_Iran Heritage Foundation_2008, address={London}, title={In the Shadow of the King: Zill Al-Sultan and Isfahan Under the Qajars}, publisher={Tauris}, author={Walcher, Heidi A. and Iran Heritage Foundation}, year={2008} }

@book{Watenpaugh_2019, title={The Missing Pages: The Modern Life of a Medieval Manuscript, from Genocide to Justice}, publisher={Stanford University Press; 1 edition}, author={Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian}, year={2019} }

@book{Watenpaugh_2015, address={Oakland, Calif}, title={Bread From Stones: The Middle East and the Making of Modern Humanitarianism}, url={http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.33072}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Watenpaugh, Keith David}, year={2015} }

@book{Weiss_2010a, address={Cambridge, Mass}, title={In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi’ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Weiss, Max}, year={2010} }

@book{Weiss_2010b, address={Cambridge, Mass}, title={In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi’ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3300905}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Weiss, Max}, year={2010} }

@book{White_2011, address={Edinburgh}, title={The Emergence of Minorities in the Middle East: The Politics of Community in French Mandate Syria}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=767131}, publisher={Edinburgh University Press}, author={White, Benjamin Thomas}, year={2011} }

@book{White_2012, address={Edinburgh}, title={The Emergence of Minorities in the Middle East: The Politics of Community in French Mandate Syria}, publisher={Edinburgh University Press}, author={White, Benjamin Thomas}, year={2012} }

@book{Wilson_2014, address={London}, title={Translating the Qur’an in an Age of Nationalism: Print Culture and Modern Islam in Turkey}, volume={11}, publisher={Oxford University Press, in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies}, author={Wilson, M. Brett}, year={2014} }

@book{Woodhead_2011, address={Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon}, title={The Ottoman World}, volume={The Routledge worlds}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Woodhead, Christine}, year={2011} }

@book{Yacoub_Ferguson_2016, address={Oxford}, title={Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide : A History}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4806694}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Yacoub, Joseph and Ferguson, James}, year={2016} }

@book{Yaycioglu_2016a, address={Stanford, California}, title={Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Yaycioglu, Ali}, year={2016} }

@book{Yaycioglu_2016b, address={Palo Alto}, title={Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions}, url={http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4455203}, publisher={Stanford University Press}, author={Yaycioglu, Ali}, year={2016} }

@book{Yıldız_2017, address={London}, title={Crisis and Rebellion in the Ottoman Empire: The Downfall of a Sultan in the Age of Revolution}, volume={58}, publisher={I.B. Tauris}, author={Yıldız, Aysel Danacı}, year={2017} }

@book{Yılmaz_2013, address={Syracuse, New York}, edition={1st Edition}, title={Becoming Turkish: Nationalist Reforms and Cultural Negotiations in Early Republican Turkey, 1923-1945}, url={http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=714595}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Yılmaz, Hale}, year={2013} }

@book{Yılmaz_2016, address={Syracuse, New York}, title={Becoming Turkish: Nationalist Reforms and Cultural Negotiations in Early Republican Turkey, 1923-1945}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Yılmaz, Hale}, year={2016} }

@book{Zandi-Sayek_2012, address={Minneapolis, Minn}, title={Ottoman Izmir: The Rise of a Cosmopolitan Port, 1840-1880}, publisher={University of Minnesota Press}, author={Zandi-Sayek, Sibel}, year={2012} }

@book{Zaydān_Selim_2012, address={Syracuse}, title={Tree of Pearls, Queen of Egypt}, publisher={Syracuse University Press}, author={Zaydān, Jirjī and Selim, Samah}, year={2012} }

@book{Zurcher_2017, address={London}, edition={Fourth edition}, title={Turkey: A Modern History}, volume={27}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5340611}, publisher={I.B. Tauris}, author={Zurcher, Erik Jan}, year={2017} }

@book{Jones Brydges_1833, address={London}, title={The Dynasty of the Kajars, the Reigning Royal Family of Persia}, url={https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83019}, publisher={John Bohn}, year={1833} }

@book{Kasaba_2008b, address={Cambridge}, title={The Cambridge History of Turkey - Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World}, url={https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521620963}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, year={2008} }

@misc{To What Strange Place: Music of the Ottoman-American Diaspora Box Set_2011, publisher={Tompkins Square}, year={2011} }

@book{Behar_Ben-Dor Benite_2013, address={Waltham, Massachusetts}, title={Modern Middle Eastern Jewish Thought: Writings on Identity, Politics, and Culture, 1893-1958}, publisher={Brandeis University Press}, year={2013} }

@book{Hammer_Safi_2013, address={Cambridge}, title={The Cambridge Companion to American Islam}, url={https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139026161}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, year={2013} }

@book{Nabavi_2016, address={Princeton}, title={Modern Iran: A History in Documents}, publisher={Markus Wiener Publishers}, year={2016} }

@book{Hanssen_Weiss_2016, address={Cambridge, United Kingdom}, title={Arabic Thought Beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, year={2016} }

@misc{Abdul Hamid II Photograph Collection | Library of Congress, url={https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/} }

@misc{Lausanne Peace Treaty (with associated agreements) | Republic of Turkey: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, url={http://www.mfa.gov.tr/lausanne-peace-treaty.en.mfa} }

Bibliography for HS2125: The Making of the Modern Middle East BETA