Bibliography for HS1116: Rome to Renaissance: An Introduction to the Middle Ages

‘A Seal of Emperor Manuel I’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.doaks.org/resources/online-exhibits/gods-regents-on-earth-a-thousand-years-of-byzantine-imperial-seals/rulers-of-byzantium/bzs.1958.106.607>.

Abulafia, David. ‘Cities and Communes’. Italy in the Central Middle Ages: 1000-1300. The Short Oxford History of Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 27–57. Print.

---. ‘Cities and Communes’. Italy in the Central Middle Ages: 1000-1300. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 27–57. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1173590>.

Allen Brown, R. ‘Royal Castle-Building in England, 1154-1216’. The English Historical Review 70.276 (1955): 353–398. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/559071>.

Allmand, C. T. ‘War and the Civilian Population’. Society at War: The Experience of England and France During the Hundred Years War. Evidence and commentary. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1973. 131–162. Print.

Allmand, Christopher. ‘War, People, and Nation’. The Hundred Years War: England and France at War, c.1300-c.1450. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. 136–150. Print.

Angold, Michael. ‘Manuel Comnenus and the Latins’. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204: A Political History. 2nd Edition. New York: Longman, 1997. 226–240. Print.

Arbman, Holger. The Vikings. Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson, 1961. Print.

Asbridge, Thomas. The First Crusade: A New History. London: Free Press, 2004. Print.

---. The First Crusade: A New History. New York: Free, 2005. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5738265>.

Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. [New] ed. London: Simon & Schuster, 2012. Print.

Audisio, Gabriel. The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c. 1170-c. 1570. Cambridge medieval textbooks. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.

Aurell, M. ‘For And Against the King: The Aristocracy: Between Rebellion and Submission’. The Plantagenet Empire, 1154-1224. Harlow: Longman/Pearson Education, 2007. 165–218. Print.

Azzara, C. ‘The Papacy’. Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476-1000. The Short Oxford History of Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 102–109. Print.

Bachrach, Bernard S. ‘Chapter V. The Rois Faineants and the Mayors of the Palace: 638-751’. Merovingian Military Organization, 481-751. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1972. 92–112. Print.

Baker, Timothy. ‘Extract’. Medieval London. London: Cassell, 1970. 27–162. Print.

Barber, Malcolm. ‘18. Art and Society’. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1992. 431–459. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13409268530002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. ‘Art and Society’. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050-1320. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, 2004. 431–459. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=199952>.

---. ‘Popular Religion and Heresy’. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, 2004. 162–185. Print.

---. ‘Popular Religion and Heresy’. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320. London: Routledge, 2004. 162–185. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=199952>.

---. ‘The Italian City-States’. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, 2004. 238–255. Print.

---. ‘The Italian City-States’. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320. London: Routledge, 2004. 238–255. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=199952>.

---. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320. London: Routledge, 1992. Print.

Barbero, A., and M. I. Loring. ‘The Catholic Visigothic Kingdom’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 1: C.500-c.700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 346–370. Print.

---. ‘The Catholic Visigothic Kingdom’. New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 1 c.500-c.700. N.p., 2005. 346–370. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13408682560002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

Barbero, Alessandro. ‘The Rebirth of Empire’. Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 75–101. Print.

Barlow, Frank. ‘The Angevin Despotism, 1189-1216’. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042-1216. 5th Edition. A History of England. London: Longman, 1999. 310–357. Print.

---. ‘The Effects of the Norman Conquest’. The Norman Conquest: Its Setting and Impact. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1966. 123–161. Print.

---. William I and the Norman Conquest. Teach yourself history. London: English Universities Press, 1965. Print.

Barnwell, P. S. ‘Barbarian Kings in Italy’. Emperor, Prefects and Kings: The Roman West, 395-565. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. 134–139. Print.

---. ‘The Franks and Gaul in the Sixth Century’. Emperor, Prefects and Kings: The Roman West, 395-565. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. 90–113. Print.

---. ‘The Vandals and Africa’. Emperor, Prefects and Kings: The Roman West, 395-565. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. 114–124. Print.

Barraclough, Geoffrey. ‘Beginnings’. The Medieval Papacy. Library of European Civilization. London: Norton, 1979. Print.

---. The Medieval Papacy. Library of European civilization. London: Norton, 1979. Print.

Barron, Caroline M. ‘From Guilds to Companies’. London in the Late Middle Ages: Government and People, 1200-1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 199–235. Print.

---. ‘London 1300-1540’. The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: Vol. 1: C.600-c.1540. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 395–440. Print.

---. ‘London 1300-1540’. The Cambridge Urban History of Britain - Volume 1: C.600-c.1540. The Cambridge Urban History of Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 395–440. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521444613>.

---. London in the Late Middle Ages: Government and People, 1200-1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13397651290002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. London in the Later Middle Ages: Government and People, 1200-1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.001.0001>.

---. ‘Richard II and London’. Richard II: The Art of Kingship. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. 197–248. Print.

---. ‘Richard Whittington: The Man Behind the Myth’. Studies in London History Presented to Philip Edmund Jones. Ed. William Kellaway and A. E. J. Hollaender. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1969. 197–248. Print.

---. ‘The Quarrel of Richard II With London’. The Reign of Richard II: Essays in Honour of May McKisack. Ed. F. R. H. Du Boulay and Caroline M. Barron. London: University of London, Athlone Press, 1971. 173–201. Print.

Bartlett, Robert. ‘4. Predatory and Punitive Rule’. England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. 48–50. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780191543647>.

---. ‘5. Rebellion’. England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. 51–67. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780191543647>.

---. England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5552075>.

---. Rebellion. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 2000. Print.

Bates, David. ‘Extract’. William the Conqueror. London: The History Press, 2013. 57–89. Web. <https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9780750956499&uid=^u>.

---. William the Conqueror. London: Philip, 1989. Print.

Becher, Matthias, and David S. Bachrach. Charlemagne. New Haven: Yale University, 2003. Print.

---. ‘Charlemagne, the Papacy, and the Byzantine Emperor’. Charlemagne. New Haven: Yale University, 2003. 81–98. Print.

Becker, M. B. ‘A Study in Political Failure: The Florentine Magnates: 1280-1343’. Mediaeval Studies 27 (1965): 246–308. Print.

Becker, Marvin B. ‘The Republican City State in Florence: An Inquiry Into Its Origin and Survival (1280-1434)’. Speculum 35.1 (1960): 39–50. Web.

Beckwith, John. ‘Extract’. Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque. London: Thames & Hudson, 1964. 153–174. Print.

Bell, Adrian R. War and the Soldier in the Fourteenth Century. Warfare in history. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004. Print.

Bell, M. G. ‘Crusade and Conquest’. The Cambridge History of Christianity, Vol. 4. Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521811064>.

Benedictow, Ole Jrgen. The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2006. Print.

Berman, Constance Hoffman. The Cistercian Evolution: The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe. The Middle Ages series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. Print.

Biller, P. ‘Christians and Heretics’. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 4. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition, 2014. 170–186. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521811064>.

---. ‘Christians and Heretics’. The Cambridge History of Christianity, Vol. 4. Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 170–186. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521811064>.

Biller, Peter, and Anne Hudson. Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530. Cambridge studies in medieval literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Print.

Billings, Malcolm. The Crusades: The War Against Islam 1096-1798. Stroud: Tempus, 2006. Print.

Bird, Ruth. ‘Extract’. The Turbulent London of Richard II. London: Longmans, 1949. 114–119. Print.

Black, Jeremy. London: A History. Lancaster: Carnegie, 2009. Print.

Bloch, Marc. ‘Chapter 2’. Feudal Society. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962. Print.

---. ‘Chapter 2’. Feudal Society. London: Routledge, 1989. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13408622960002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

Boccaccio, Giovanni. ‘Introduction’. The Decameron. The World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. 6–13. Web. <https://librarysearch.royalholloway.ac.uk/permalink/f/1qsgd4/TN_gutenberg_s52617>.

Bolton, Jim. ‘The World Upside Down: The Plague as an Agent of Economic and Social Change’. The Black Death in England. Donington, Lincolnshire: Shaun Tyas, 1996. 17–78. Print.

Bony, Jean. French Gothic Architecture of the 12th and 13th Centuries. Vol. 20. London: University of California Press, 1983. Print.

Bouchard, Constance Brittain. Holy Entrepreneurs: Cistercians, Knights, and Economic Exchange in Twelfth-Century Burgundy. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1991. Print.

Bowersock, G. W., John Clive, and Stephen R. Graubard. Edward Gibbon and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1977. Print.

Bowsky, William M. The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Huntington, N.Y.: R. E. Krieger Pub. Co, 1971. Print.

---. ‘The Buon Governo of Siena (1287-1355): A Mediaeval Italian Oligarchy’. Speculum 37.3 (1962): 368–381. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/i332945>.

---. ‘The Gvic Ideal’. A Medieval Italian Commune: Siena Under the Nine, 1287-1355. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981. 260–298. Print.

Bradbury, Jim. The Battle of Hastings. Stroud: Sutton, 1998. Print.

---. ‘“The Beginnings of Castle Warfare, 950-1050” and “Kings, Counts and Castellans, 1050-1200”’. The Medieval Siege. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2002. 48–92. Print.

Breay, Claire. ‘The Feudal King’. Magna Carta: Manuscripts and Myths. London: British Library, 2002. 12–17. Print.

---. ‘What Was in Magna Carta?’ Magna Carta: Manuscripts and Myths. London: British Library, 2002. 28–33. Print.

Brøndsted, Johannes. The Vikings. Pelican books. Penguin, 1965. Print.

Brooke, Christopher. ‘13 The Kingdom of the French’. Europe in the Central Middle Ages, 962-1154. 3rd ed. A General History of Europe. Harlow, England: Longman, 2000. 255–268. Print.

---. ‘Extract’. The Twelfth Century Renaissance. Library of European Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson, 1969. 90–143. Print.

Brooke, Christopher, and Wim Swaan. The Monastic World, 1000-1300. London: Elek, 1974. Print.

Brown, Alison. ‘Extract’. The Renaissance. Seminar studies in history. London: Longman, 1999. 10–13. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1441814>.

---. ‘Extract’. The Renaissance. 2nd Edition. Seminar Studies in History. London: Longman, 1999. 20–26. Print.

---. ‘Extract’. The Renaissance. Seminar Studies in History. London: Longman, 1999. 20–26. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1441814>.

---. The Medici in Florence: The Exercise and Language of Power. Italian Medieval and Renaissance Studies / University of Western Australia. Firenze: Olschki, 1992. Print.

---. The Renaissance. 2nd ed. Seminar Studies in History. London: Longman, 1999. Print.

Brown, R. A. ‘The Battle of Hastings’. Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, III, 1980 (1980): 1–21. Print.

---. ‘The Norman Conquest and the Genesis of English Castles’. Chateau Gaillard European Castle Studies, III: Conference at Battle, Sussex, 19-24 September 1966. London: Phillimore, 1969. 1–14. Print.

Brown, R. A. ‘The Norman Conquest and the Genesis of English Castles’. Chateau Gaillard European Castle Studies, III: Conference at Battle, Sussex, 19-24 September 1966. Ed. Arnold Joseph Taylor. London: Phillimore, 1969. 1–14. Print.

Brown, R. Allen. English Castles. 3rd Revised Edition. London: Batsford, 1976. Print.

---. The Norman Conquest. Documents of medieval history. London: Arnold, 1984. Print.

---. The Normans and the Norman Conquest. London: Constable, 1969. Print.

Brucker, Gene. Renaissance Florence. New York: Wiley, 1969. Print.

Brucker, Gene A. Renaissance Florence. London: University of California Press, 1983. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13397651280002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. Renaissance Florence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02002>.

---. Renaissance Florence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02002>.

Bryer, A. A. M. ‘The First Encounter With the West AD 1050-1204’. Byzantium: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981. 85–110. Print.

Bull, Marcus. ‘Crusade and Conquest’. The Cambridge History of Christianity - Volume 4: Christianity in Western Europe, c.1100–c.1500. Cambridge University Press; Reprint Edition, 2014. 340–352. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521811064>.

---. ‘Origins’. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Oxford illustrated histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 13–33. Print.

---. ‘Origins’. The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 13–33. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780191540233>.

---. ‘The Roots of Lay Enthusiasm for the First Crusade’. History 78.254 (1993): 353–372. Web.

Bull, Marcus, and Catherine Leglu. The World of Eleanor of Aquitaine: Literature and Society in Southern France Between the Eleventh and Thirteenth Centuries. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005. Print.

Burton, Janet. ‘“Religious Houses and the Wider Community: Founders, Patrons and Benefactors”, “The Monastic Economy” and “On the Brink of Change”’. Monastic and Religious Orders in Britain 1000-1300. Cambridge: University, 1994. Print.

Busch, Harald, and Bernd Lohse. Gothic Europe. Buildings of Europe. London: Batsford, 1959. Print.

Cameron, Averil. ‘The Empire, The Barbarians, and The Late Roman Army’. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395-600. London: Routledge, 1993. 36–49. Print.

---. ‘The Empire, The Barbarians, and The Late Roman Army’. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395-600. London: Routledge, 1993. 36–49. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203134207>.

Cameron, Euan. Waldenses: Rejections of Holy Church in Medieval Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. Print.

Cantor, Norman F. The Medieval World, 300-1300. 2nd ed. Ideas and institutions in Western civilization. New York: Macmillan, 1968. Print.

Carpenter, D. A. ‘The Plantagenet Kings’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5: C.1198–c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 314–357. Print.

---. ‘The Plantagenet Kings’. The New Cambridge Medieval History - Volume 5: C.1198–c.1300. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 314–357. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362894>.

Castor, Helen. She-Wolves: The Women Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth. London: Faber and Faber, 2011. Print.

Caudrey, Philip J. Military Society and the Court of Chivalry in the Age of the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2019. Print.

---. Military Society and the Court of Chivalry in the Age of the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 2019. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=5646548>.

Chadwick, Henry. ‘“The Papacy” and “The Church and the Barbarians”’. The Early Church. History of the Church. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967. Print.

Chazan, Robert. The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom, 1000-1500. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

---. The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom, 1000-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Web. <https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9780511567780&uid=^u>.

Chejne, Anwar G. ‘Conquest of Spain and the Emirate’. Muslim Spain, Its History and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1974. 3–31. Print.

Chibnall, M. ‘England and Normandy, 1042-1137’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 4: C.1024-c.1198. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Print.

Chibnall, Marjorie. ‘6. The Later Twentieth Century: From Feudalism to Lordship’. The Debate on the Norman Conquest. Issues in Historiography. Manchester University Press, 1999. 79–96. Print.

---. ‘England and Normandy, 1042-1137’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 191–216. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521414111>.

---. ‘The First Phases of Conquest’. Anglo-Norman England, 1066-1166. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. 9–43. Print.

Clanchy, M. T. ‘Extract’. England and Its Rulers, 1066-1272: Foreign Lordship and National Identity. S.l.: Fontana, 1983. 37–65. Print.

---. ‘The Commune of England (1258-72)’. England and Its Rulers, 1066-1272. 2nd Edition with an Eipologue on Edward I, 1272–1307. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Print.

Clark, James G. The Benedictines in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2011. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781846159473>.

Clarke, Helen, and Björn Ambrosiani. ‘Extract’. Towns in the Viking Age. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990. 90–106. Print.

Clarke, Paula C. The Soderini and the Medici: Power and Patronage in Fifteenth-Century Florence. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991. Print.

Clarke, Peter, and Anne Duggan. ‘Alexander III and Byzantium’. Pope Alexander III (1159-81): The Art of Survival. Routledge, 2012. 301–313. Print.

---. ‘Alexander III and Byzantium’. Pope Alexander III (1159-81): The Art of Survival. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012. 301–313. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781409442295>.

Cleary, A. S. Esmonde. The Ending of Roman Britain. Savage, Md: Barnes & Noble, 1990. Print.

Cohen, Jeremy. The Friars and the Jews: The Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13398651180002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. The Friars and the Jews: The Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01179>.

Cohn, Samuel Kline. The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe. London: Arnold, 2002. Print.

---. The Cult of Remembrance and the Black Death: Six Renaissance Cities in Central Italy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Print.

---. The Cult of Remembrance and the Black Death: Six Renaissance Cities in Central Italy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01262>.

Collins, Roger. ‘“A Developing Kingdom” and “Adjusting to Conquest”’. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. Print.

---. ‘Constantinople, Persia and the Arabs’. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 3rd Edition. History of Europe. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

---. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. 2nd ed. History of Europe. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. Print.

---. Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy. London: Phoenix, 2010. Print.

---. ‘The Arab Conquest’. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. 2nd Edition. New studies in medieval history. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995. 144–179. Print.

---. ‘The Imperial Coronation of 800 and Its Aftermath’. Charlemagne. London: Macmillan, 1998. 141–159. Print.

---. ‘The New Constantine’. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991. 291–308. Print.

---. ‘Towards a New Western Empire, 714–800’. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991. 262–290. Print.

Constable, Giles. ‘The Realities of Reform: (2) Monastic Activities and Relations With Secular Society’. The Reformation of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print.

Contamine, Philippe, and Michael Jones. ‘Medieval Society in Its Prime From the Mid-Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century: Fortifications’. War in the Middle Ages. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1986. 101–115. Print.

Coulson, Charles. ‘Some Analysis of the Castle of Bodiam, East Sussex’. The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood IV: Papers From the Fifth Strawberry Hill Conference, 1990 / Edited by Christopher Harper-Bill and Ruth Harvey. Ed. Ruth Harvey and Christopher Harper-Bill. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1992. 51–107. Print.

Coupland, S. ‘The Frankish Tribute Payments to the Vikings and Their Consequences’. Francia: Forschungen zur westeuropäischen 26.1 (1999): 57–75. Print.

---. ‘The Vikings in Francia and Anglo-Saxon England to 911’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 2: C. 700-C. 900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 190–201. Print.

---. ‘The Vikings in Francia and Anglo-Saxon England to 911’. The New Cambridge Medieval History - Volume 2: C. 700-C. 900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 190–201. Web. <https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-cambridge-medieval-history/810701D6D8EE32B45163DF10B2A8B029>.

Cowdrey, H. E. J. ‘The Genesis of the Crusades: The Springs of the Holy War’. Popes, Monks and Crusaders. History series. London: Hambledon, 1984. Print.

Curry, Anne. The Hundred Years War. British History in Perspective. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993. Print.

Daly, William M. ‘Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?’ Speculum 69.3 (1994): 619–664. Web.

Danziger, Danny, and John Gillingham. ‘“The Great Charter” and “The Myth”’. 1215: The Year of Magna Carta. London: Coronet, 2004. 255–284. Print.

Dark, Ken. ‘Eastern Britain in the Later Fifth and Sixth Centuries’. Britain and the End of the Roman Empire. Stroud: Tempus, 2000. 58–104. Print.

Davis, R. H. C. ‘Extract’. The Normans and Their Myth. London: Thames & Hudson, 1976. 103–132. Print.

Davis, R. H. C., and R. I. Moore. ‘2. The Barbarian Invasions’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 25–41. Print.

---. ‘2. The Barbarian Invasions’. A History of Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 25–41. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘3.2 Three Reactions to the Barbarian Invasions: Theodoric the Ostrogoth’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 48–58. Print.

---. ‘3.2 Three Reactions to the Barbarian Invasions: Theodoric the Ostrogoth’. A History of Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 48–58. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘4. The Church and the Papacy’. A History of Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 71–94. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘5. Islam’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 95–115. Print.

---. ‘5. Islam’. A History of Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 95–115. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘6. The Franks: The Transference of Power From the Merovingians to the Carolingians (639-751); Charlemagne (768-814)’. A History of Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 129–160. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘7. The Break-up of the Carolingian Empire: Postscript: The Vikings’. A History of Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 186–189. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. Print.

---. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13397736140002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘Jerusalem Regained and Lost: The First Three Crusades’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd Edition. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 303–322. Print.

---. ‘Part Two: 3.Monasticism in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2005. 284–302. Print.

---. ‘Part Two: 3.Monasticism in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries’. A History of Medieval Europe from Constantine to Saint Louis. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 284–302. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘Part Two, 4. Jerusalem Regained and Lost: The First Three Crusades’. A History of Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 303–322. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘Part Two: 7. The Crisis of the Church: 2: St Francis (1182-1226): Inspiration and Authority’. A History of Medieval Europe from Constantine to Saint Louis. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 388–401. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘Part Two: Introduction’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd Edition. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 225–232. Print.

---. ‘Part Two: Introduction’. A History of Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2006. 225–232. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835440>.

---. ‘The Break-up of the Carolingian Empire: Postscript: The Vikings’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 186–189. Print.

---. ‘The Church and the Papacy’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 71–94. Print.

---. ‘The Crisis of the Church: St Francis (1182-1226) - Inspiration and Authority’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd Edition. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 388–401. Print.

---. ‘“The Franks: The Transference of Power From the Merovingians to the Carolingians (639-751)” and “Charlemagne (768-814)”’. A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis. 3rd Edition. Harlow, England: Longman, 2006. 129–160. Print.

DeAragon, R. C. ‘Wife, Widow, and Mother: Some Comparisons Between Eleanor of Aquitaine and Noblewoman of the Anglo-Norman and Angevin World’. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002. 97–114. Print.

‘Decrees of the Fourth Laterian Council, 1215: Canon 3 on Heretics and Canons 67-70 on Jews’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp>.

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Douglas, David C. ‘Norman Conquests 1050-1100’. The Norman Achievement, 1050-1100. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1969. 44–53. Print.

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Edwards, John. The Jews in Western Europe, 1400-1600. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. Print.

---. The Jews in Western Europe, 1400-1600. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/jewsinwest.htm>.

Esmonde Cleary, A. S. The Ending of Roman Britain. London: Routledge, 2000. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203470046>.

Evans, Angela Care. The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial. Rev. ed. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press, 1994. Print.

Evans, Joan. Monastic Life at Cluny, 910-1157. London: Oxford University Press, 1931. Print.

Evans, M. ‘A Remarkable Woman? Popular Historians and the Image of Eleanor of Aquitaine’. Defining Medievalism(s) II. Vol. 18. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2009. 244–264. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=661909>.

Farrell, R. T. The Vikings. London: Phillimore, 1982. Print.

Fitzstephen, William. ‘Description of London in 1173’. The Medieval World, 300-1300. 2nd ed. Ideas and Institutions in Western Civilization. New York: Macmillan, 1968. 252–257. Print.

Folz, Robert. The Coronation of Charlemagne, 25 December 800. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974. Print.

Foot, S. ‘The Making of Angelcynn: English Identity Before the Norman Conquest’. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6 (1996): 25–49. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679228?sid=primo&origin=crossref>.

Foote, Peter, and David M. Wilson. ‘Extract’. The Viking Achievement: The Society and Culture of Early Medieval Scandinavia. 1st Joint Edition Reprint. Sidgwick&Jackson great civilizations series. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1990. 195–203. Print.

Fouracre, P. ‘Frankish Gaul to 814’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 2: C.700-c.900. [Place of publication not identified]: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.

---. ‘Frankish Gaul to 814’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 2: C.700-c.900. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 85–109. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13409268610002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

Fouracre, Paul. ‘Francia Under the Hammer: Military Organisation’. The Age of Charles Martel. The Medieval World. Harlow: Longman, 2000. 145–150. Print.

Frankl, Paul. Gothic Architecture. The Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962. Print.

---. ‘The Early Gothic Period’. Gothic Architecture. Vol. 9. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962. 34–78. Print.

---. ‘The Transition’. Gothic Architecture. Vol. 9. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962. 15–33. Print.

Frere, Sheppard. Britannia: A History of Roman Britain. 3rd rev. ed. London: Pimlico, 1991. Print.

Froissart, Jean, and Geoffrey Brereton. Chronicles. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968. Print.

Fubini, R. ‘Lorenzo the Magnificent’s Regime: Aims, Image and Constitutional Framework’. The Medici: Citizens and Masters. Ed. Robert Black and John E. Law. 1st Edition. Villa I Tatti. Florence: Villa I Tatti, the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, 2015. 61–84. Print.

Ganshof, F. L. The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne: Theories and Facts. Glasgow University publications. Glasgow: Jackson, 1949. Print.

Garmonsway, G. N. ‘Account of the Viking Raid on Lindisfarne in 793’. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Everyman’s Library Series. London: Dent, 1953. 56–57. Print.

Gearon, Eamonn. ‘The Arab Invasions’. History Today 2011 : 47–52. Web. <https://www.historytoday.com/eamonn-gearon/arab-invasions-first-islamic-empire>.

Geary, Patrick J. Readings in Medieval History: Vol. 2: The Later Middle Ages. 2nd ed. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press, 1998. Print.

Genet, J.-P. ‘English Nationalism: Thomas Polton and the Council of Constance’. Nottingham Mediaeval Studies 28 (1984): 60–78. Print.

Gerson, Paula Lieber. Abbot Suger and Saint-Denis: A Symposium. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986. Print.

Gibbs-Smith, C. H. The Bayeux Tapestry. London: Phaidon, 1973. Print.

Gillingham, J. ‘Events and Opinions: Norman and English Views of Aquitaine, c.1152-c.1204’. The World of Eleanor of Aquitaine: Literature and Society in Southern France Between the Eleventh and Thirteenth Centuries. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1995. 57–81. Print.

Gillingham, John. ‘Extract’. The Angevin Empire. Foundations of Medieval History. London: Arnold, 1984. 65–85. Print.

---. ‘Magna Carta and Royal Government’. Richard Coeur De Lion: Kingship, Chivalry and War in the Twelfth Century. London: Hambledon, 1994. 201–209. Print.

‘Giovanni Villani, Florentine Chronicle’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/villani.asp>.

Goffart, Walter A. Barbarians and Romans: A.D. 418-584: The Techniques of Accommodation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980. Print.

Golding, Brian. Conquest and Colonisation: The Normans in Britain, 1066-1100. British History in Perspective. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994. Print.

Goldthwaite, Richard A. ‘The Medici Bank and the World of Florentine Capitalism’. Past and Present 114.1 (1987): 3–31. Web.

---. ‘The Medici Bank and the World of Florentine Capitalism’. Banks, Palaces and Entrepreneurs in Renaissance Florence. Collected Studies. Aldershot: Variorum, 1995. 3–31. Print.

Gottfried, Robert S. The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe. New York: Free Press, 1983. Print.

Graham-Campbell, James, and Dafydd Kidd. The Vikings. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications Limited, 1980. Print.

Green, L. ‘Florence’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 5: C.1198-1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 479–497. Print.

---. ‘Florence’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 479–497. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362894>.

Gregory, Timothy E. A History of Byzantium. 2nd ed. Blackwell history of the ancient world. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. ‘Extract’. A History of Byzantium, 306-1453. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub, 2005. 304–308. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=228571>.

Gummer, Benedict. The Scourging Angel: The Black Death in the British Isles. London: Vintage, 2010. Print.

Gutkind, Curt S. ‘Extract’. Cosimo De’ Medici: Pater Patriae, 1389-1464. Oxford Studies in Modern Languages and Literature. Oxford: Clarendon, 1938. 106–123. Print.

Harris, Anthea. ‘Trading Exchange’. Byzantium, Britain & the West: The Archaeology of Cultural Identity, AD 400-650. Stroud: Tempus, 2003. 41–72. Print.

Harris, Jonathan. Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. 2nd Edition. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017. Print.

---. ‘The Enemy Within’. The Lost World of Byzantium. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016. 177–197. Print.

---. ‘The Enemy Within’. The Lost World of Byzantium. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016. 177–197. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3446690>.

---. ‘The Friend of the Latins’. Byzantium and the Crusades. 2nd Edition. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014. 99–120. Print.

Harriss, Gerald. ‘Agrarian Society’. Shaping the Nation: England, 1360-1461. The new Oxford history of England. Oxford: Clarendon, 2005. 214–242. Print.

---. ‘England, France, and Christendom, 1306-1413’. Shaping the Nation: England, 1360-1461. The New Oxford History of England. Oxford: Clarendon, 2005. 405–432. Print.

---. ‘Trade, Industry, and Towns: Urban Society’. Shaping the Nation: England, 1360-1461. The New Oxford History of England. Oxford: Clarendon, 2005. 281–309. Print.

Harvey, John. ‘Extract’. The Gothic World, 1100-1600: A Survey of Architecture and Art. The British Art and Building Series. London: Batsford, 1950. 59–71. Print.

Harvey, R. ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Troubadours’. The World of Eleanor of Aquitaine: Literature and Society in Southern France Between the Eleventh and Thirteenth Centuries. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1995. 101–114. Print.

Hatcher, John. ‘England in the Aftermath of the Black Death.’ Past & Present 144 (1994): 3–35. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/651142>.

---. Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1348-1530. Studies in Economic and Social History. London: Macmillan, 1977. Print.

Hay, Denys, and John E. Law. ‘Extract’. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance, 1380-1530. Longman History of Italy. London: Longman, 1989. 248–260. Print.

Heather, P. ‘Ostrogothic Italy: Kingdom and Empire’. The Goths. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. 216–258. Print.

Heather, P. J. Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.

Heather, Peter. ‘The Fall of Rome’. N.p., 2011. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofrome_article_01.shtml>.

---. The Fall of the Roman Empire. London: Pan, 2006. Print.

Henderson, Ernest F. Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. Bohn’s Antiquarian Library. London: Bell, 1896. Print.

Herlihy, David, and Samuel K. Cohn. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1997. Print.

Herrin, Judith. ‘The Achievement of Gregory the Great’. The Formation of Christendom. London: Phoenix, 2001. 145–182. Print.

---. ‘“The Carolingian Innovation” and “The Two Emperors of Christendom”’. The Formation of Christendom. London: Phoenix, 2001. 390–476. Print.

Hibbert, Christopher. The Rise and Fall of the House of Medici. London: Allen Lane, 1974. Print.

---. The Rise and Fall of the House of Medici. London: Allen Lane, 1974. Print.

Hicks, Leonie V. ‘Magnificent Entrances and Undignified Exits: Chronicling the Symbolism of Castle Space in Normandy’. Journal of Medieval History 35.1 (2009): 52–69. Web.

Hillenbrand, C. ‘Muhammad and the Rise of Islam’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 1: C.500-c.700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 317–345. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13408682580002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. ‘Muhammad and the Rise of Islam’. New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 1 c.500-c.700. N.p., 2005. 317–345. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13409268650002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

Hitchcock, Richard. ‘The Invasion of the Iberian Peninsula - the Eighth Century’. Muslim Spain Reconsidered: From 711 to 1502. The new Edinburgh Islamic surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014. 14–39. Print.

Hollister, C. Warren. ‘Extract’. The Twelfth-Century Renaissance. Major Issues in History. New York: Wiley, 1969. 121–135. Print.

Holmes, George. ‘Extract’. Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320-1450. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. 67–83. Print.

---. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Print.

---. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Print.

---. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Print.

---. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Print.

---. ‘The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages, 900-1200’. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Print.

---. ‘The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages, 900-1200’. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Print.

Holt, J. C. ‘Crisis and Civil War’. Magna Carta. 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Print.

Hook, Judith. ‘The Rule of the Nine in Siena. (1285-1355)’. History Today 28.1 (1978): 23–30. Web. <https://search.proquest.com/docview/1299021356?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=11455>.

Horrox, Rosemary. The Black Death. Manchester Medieval Sources Series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13397736130002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. The Black Death. Manchester medieval sources series. Manchester University Press, 2000. Web. <http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mmso/16t53e>.

Housley, Norman. Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land. London: Yale University Press, 2008. Print.

---. ‘The Development of Crusading in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’. Contesting the Crusades. Contesting the past. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2006. 48–74. Print.

Houts, Elisabeth N. C. Van. ‘III: The Normans and Britain: The Norman Conquest’. The Normans in Europe. Manchester University Press, 2000. 102–181. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/normans.htm>.

Hudson, J. ‘Overview: The Normans, 1066 - 1154’. N.p., 2011. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml>.

Humphries, M. ‘Italy AD 425-605’. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, Ad 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 525–551. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521325912>.

Huscroft, Richard. ‘6. Ruling the Kingdom, 1066-1154’. Ruling England, 1042-1217. Harlow: Pearson/Longman, 2004. 111–143. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1596517>.

---. ‘Ruling the Kingdom, 1066-1154’. Ruling England, 1042-1217. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2004. 111–143. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1596517>.

---. ‘The Reigns, 1154-1217’. Ruling England, 1042-1217. Harlow: Pearson/Longman, 2004. 172–184. Print.

---. ‘The Reigns, 1154-1217’. Ruling England, 1042-1217. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2004. 172–184. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1596517>.

Hyde, J. K. ‘Contemporary Views on Faction and Civil Strife in 13th and 14th Century Italy’. Violence and Civil Disorder in Italian Cities, 1200-1500. Ed. Lauro Martines. UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies contributions, 5. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972. 273–307. Print.

---. ‘Contemporary Views on Faction and Civil Strife in 13th and 14th Century Italy’. Violence and Civil Disorder in Italian Cities, 1200-1500. UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies contributions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972. 273–307. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01282>.

---. ‘Politics in the Age of Dante’. Society and Politics in Medieval Italy: The Evolution of the Civil Life, 1000-1350. London: Macmillan, 1973. 124–152. Print.

---. ‘The Flowering of the “Vita Civile”’. Society and Politics in Medieval Italy: The Evolution of the Civil Life, 1000-1350. London: Macmillan, 1973. 153–177. Print.

Ibeji, Mike. ‘King John and Magna Carta’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/magna_01.shtml>.

Inwood, Stephen. ‘Medieval London, 1066-1520’. A History of London. London: Macmillan, 1998. 53–148. Print.

Jackson, Richard A. ‘The “Traite Du Sacre” of Jean Golein’. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 113.4 (1969): 305–324. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/986155>.

James, Edward. ‘Assimilation, Acculturation and Accommodation’. Europe’s Barbarians, AD 200-600. 1st ed. The medieval world. Harlow: Pearson/Longman, 2009. 193–214. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13397717160002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. ‘Assimilation, Acculturation and Accommodation’. Europe’s Barbarians, AD 200-600. Harlow: Longman, 2009. 193–214. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315835563>.

Jamroziak, Emilia. The Cistercian Order in Medieval Europe, 1090-1500. New York: Routledge, 2013. Print.

Jansen, Katherine L. ‘Giovanni Villani on the Origins of the Guelfs and Ghibellines in Florence (ca. 1300)’. Medieval Italy: Texts in Translation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. 127–130. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=3441910>.

‘Joan of Arc Writes to the English King’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/joanofarc.asp>.

Johnson, Matthew. Behind the Castle Gate: From Medieval to Renaissance. London: Routledge, 2002. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1433539>.

---. Behind the Castle Gate: From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. London: Routledge, 2002. Print.

Jones, J. A. P. King John and Magna Carta. Seminar studies in history. London: Longman, 1971. Print.

Jones, M. ‘The Last Capetians and the Early Valois Kings, 1314-64’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 6: C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 388–421. Print.

---. ‘The Last Capetians and the Early Valois Kings, 1314-64’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 388–421. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362900>.

Jones, P. ‘Sovereignty and State-Building. The Branches of Government. Self-Government, Forms and Pretensions. Church, State, Civic Religion’. The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997. 359–440. Print.

Jones, R. J. C. ‘Fortifications and Sieges in Western Europe, c.800-1450’. Medieval Warfare: A History. Ed. Maurice Keen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 163–185. Print.

Jordan, William C. The French Monarchy and the Jews: From Philip Augustus to the Last Capetians. The Middle Ages. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989. Print.

Jotischky, Andrew. The Perfection of Solitude: Hermits and Monks in the Crusader States. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Print.

---. ‘The Western Knighthood on the Eve of the First Crusade’. Crusading and the Crusader States. Recovering the Past. Harlow: Pearson/Longman, 2004. 30–38. Print.

Kaborycha, Lisa. ‘The Medici - Where Did They Come From?’ A Short History of Renaissance Italy. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2011. 108–116. Print.

Kapelle, William E. ‘The Rule of Tostig and the Destruction of the Nobles of York’. The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation, 1000-1135. London: Croom Helm, 1979. 109–119. Print.

Kazhdan, A. P. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Web. <http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526>.

Kazhdan, Alexander, and Alice-Mary Maffry Talbot. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print.

Keen, Maurice. ‘9. The Crusades’. The Penguin History of Medieval Europe. London: Penguin, 1991. 117–134. Print.

Keene, D. ‘London From the Post-Roman Period to 1300’. The Cambridge Urban History of Britain - Volume 1: C.600-c.1540. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 187–216. Print.

Kelly, Amy R. Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1991. Print.

Kennedy, Hugh. ‘Furthest East and Furthest West’. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. London: Phoenix, 2008. Print.

---. ‘The Conquest and the Age of the Amirs, 711-56’. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus. London: Longman, 1996. 1–22. Print.

---. ‘The Muslims in Europe’. The New Cambridge Medieval History - Volume 2: C.700-c.900. Cambridge University Press, 1995. 249–271. Print.

---. ‘The Muslims in Europe’. The New Cambridge Medieval History - Volume 2: C.700-c.900. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 249–271. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362924>.

Kent, D. ‘The Power of the Elites: Family, Patronage and the State’. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300-1550. The short Oxford history of Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 164–183. Print.

---. ‘The Power of the Elites: Family, Patronage and the State’. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300-1550. The Short Oxford History of Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 164–183. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4963949>.

Kent, D. V. Cosimo de’Medici and the Florentine Renaissance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. Print.

Kent, Dale. ‘The Rise of the Medici’. Major Problems in the History of the Italian Renaissance. Major Problems in European History Series. Lexington, Mass: Heath, 1995. 156–165. Print.

Kenyon, John R. Medieval Fortifications. The Archaeology of Medieval Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990. Print.

Kibler, William W. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Patron and Politician. Symposia in the arts and the humanities. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976. Print.

Kirby, J. ‘Henry V and the City of London’. History Today 26.4 (1976): 223–231. Web. <https://search.proquest.com/docview/1299029737?pq-origsite=primo&imgSeq=1>.

Klapisch-Zuber, C. ‘Plague and Family Life’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 6: C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 124–154. Print.

---. ‘Plague and Family Life’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 124–154. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362900>.

Knowles, David. The Monastic Order in England: A History of Its Development From the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940-1216. 2d ed. Cambridge [Eng.]: Cambridge University Press, 1963. Web. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01217>.

---. The Monastic Order in England: A History of Its Development From the Times of St.Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940-1216. 2nd ed. Cambridge U.P, 1963. Print.

Lambert, Malcolm. Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements From the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation. 3rd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. Print.

Lane, Frederic C. Venice: A Maritime Republic. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13397717240002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. Venice: A Maritime Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00964>.

Lansing, Carol. ‘The Popolo and the Ordinances of Justice’. The Florentine Magnates: Lineage and Faction in a Medieval Commune. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. 192–211. Print.

---. ‘Violence and Faction’. The Florentine Magnates: Lineage and Faction in a Medieval Commune. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. 164–191. Print.

Larner, John. ‘Extract’. Culture and Society in Italy, 1290-1420. Studies in Cultural History. London: Batsford, 1971. 14–34. Print.

---. ‘Extract’. Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch, 1216-1380. London: Longman, 1980. 106–152. Print.

Lawrence, C. H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. 3rd Edition. Harlow: Longman, 2001. Print.

Lawson, M. K. The Battle of Hastings, 1066. Battles&campaigns. Stroud: N.p., 2007. Print.

Le Goff, Jacques. ‘An Aborted Europe: The Carolingian World (Eighth to Tenth Centuries)’. The Birth of Europe, 400-1500. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2007. 29–39. Print.

---. ‘An Aborted Europe: The Carolingian World (Eighth to Tenth Centuries)’. The Birth of Europe, 400-1500. Making of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. 29–39. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=234932>.

Lee, Alexander. ‘Attractions of Autocracy’. History Today 61.7 (2011): 18–25. Print.

Lepage, Jean-Denis. British Fortifications Through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2012. Print.

---. British Fortifications Through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2012. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=823692>.

‘Letter of Peter of Blois to Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1173’: N.p., n.d. Web. <http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/eleanor.asp>.

Lewis, P. S. ‘War Propaganda and Historiography in Fifteenth-Century France and England’. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 15.December (1965): 1–21. Web.

---. ‘War, Propaganda and Historiography in Fifteenth-Century France and England’. Essays in Later Medieval French History. London: Hambledon, 1985. 193–213. Print.

Liddiard, Robert. ‘Castles, Conquest and Authority’. Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500. Macclesfield: Windgather Press, 2005. 12–38. Print.

---. Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500. Macclesfield: Windgather Press, 2005. Print.

---. ‘Medieval Castles’. 2010. Web. <https://web.archive.org/web/20210517063346/https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/historical-insights-teaching-medieval-castles>.

Lilie, R.-J. ‘The “Policy of Détente”: Manuel I Comnenus (1143–1180)’. Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096-1204. Revised 1988. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993. 142–221. Print.

---. ‘The “Policy of Détente”: Manuel I Comnenus (1143–1180)’. Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096-1204. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993. 142–221. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204077.001.0001>.

Limor, O. ‘Christians and Jews’. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 4. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition, 2014. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13409290550002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

Limor, Ora. ‘Christians and Jews’. The Cambridge History of Christianity - Volume 4: Christianity in Western Europe, c.1100–c.1500. Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 133–148. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521811064>.

Lindow, James. ‘“Going Beyond the Palace Facade” and ’ The Splendid Interior’’. The Renaissance Palace in Florence: Magnificence and Splendour in Fifteenth-Century Italy. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. Print.

Llewellyn, Peter. ‘Rome and the Ostrogoths’. Rome in the Dark Ages. London: Faber, 1971. 21–51. Print.

---. ‘The Roman Church and Clergy’. Rome in the Dark Ages. London: Faber, 1971. 78–108. Print.

Logan, F. Donald. The Vikings in History. Hutchinson University Library. London: Hutchinson, 1983. Print.

---. The Vikings in History. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2003. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=166694>.

Logoluso, J. W. ‘Chapter 1: “Buon Governo:” Ideals of Government in the Medieval City-State’. Transition to the Renaissance: Republican Values and Ideals in Florence and Siena, 1300-1500. Nashville, TN.: Vanderbilt University, 2006. Web. <http://libvm3.library.vanderbilt.edu/handle/1803/131>.

Lomax, Derek W. ‘The Muslim Conquest’. The Reconquest of Spain. London: Longman, 1978. 10–16. Print.

Loyn, H. R. ‘8. The Norman Conquest’. Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest. Social and Economic History of England. Harlow: Longman, 1991. 326–341. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315845371>.

---. ‘The Norman Conquest’. Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest. 2nd Edition. London: Longman, 1991. 326–341. Print.

---. The Vikings in Britain. London: Book Club, 1977. Print.

Lynch, Joseph H. The Medieval Church: A Brief History. Longman, 2013. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1581591>.

---. The Medieval Church: A Brief History. Longman, 2013. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1581591>.

Lynch, Joseph H., and Phillip C. Adamo. The Medieval Church: A Brief History. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, 2014. Print.

---. The Medieval Church: A Brief History. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, 2014. Print.

Machiavelli, Niccolò. ‘Chapter VII’. History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy: From the Earliest Times to the Death of Lorenzo the Magnificent. [Great Britain?]: Dodo Press, 2007. 369–375. Print.

Magdalino, P. ‘The Byzantine Empire, 1118-1204’. The New Cambridge Medieval History - Volume 4: C.1024-c.1198. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 611–643. Print.

---. ‘The Byzantine Empire, 1118-1204’. The New Cambridge Medieval History - Volume 4: C.1024-c.1198. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 611–643. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521414111>.

---. ‘The Empire of the Komnenoi (1118-1204)’. The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire C. 500-1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521832311>.

---. ‘The Phenomenon of Manuel I Komnenos’. Tradition and Transformation in Medieval Byzantium. Collected studies. Aldershot: Variorum, 1988. Print.

Magdalino, Paul. ‘The Comnenian Empire Between East and West’. The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 27–108. Print.

‘Magna Carta’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/mcarta.asp>.

Markus, R. A. ‘Terra Mea: Italy Between Two Worlds’. Gregory the Great and His World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 97–111. Print.

Martindale, Andrew. ‘The Age of Transition 1146-1240’. Gothic Art. Thames & Hudson, 1967. Print.

Martindale, J. ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine. The Last Years’. King John: New Interpretations. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1999. 137–164. Print.

Martines, Lauro. Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. Print.

---. Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. Web. <https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01224>.

‘Matthew 16:13-19 in The New Testament’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+16%3A13-19&version=NIV>.

Matthew, Donald. ‘Changes Under the Conqueror’. The Norman Conquest. London: Batsford, 1966. 129–141. Print.

---. ‘The Norman Settlement’. The Norman Conquest. London: Batsford, 1966. 89–128. Print.

Mayer, Hans Eberhard. ‘The Origins of the Crusades’. The Crusades. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. 3–37. Print.

McGlynn, Sean. ‘5. Campaigns: Ravaging: Willaim the Conqueror’s Harrying of the North, 1069-70’. By Sword and Fire: Cruelty and Atrocity in Medieval Warfare. London: Phoenix, 2009. 200–207. Print.

---. ‘Sieges’. By Sword and Fire: Cruelty and Atrocity in Medieval Warfare. London: Phoenix, 2009. 141–194. Print.

McHardy, A. K. ‘Liturgy and Propaganda in the Diocese of Lincoln During the Hundred Years’ War’. Religion and National Identity: Papers Read at the Nineteenth Summer Meeting and the Twentieth Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Studies in church history. Oxford: Blackwell for the Ecclesiastical History Society, 1982. 215–227. Print.

McKisack, M. ‘London and the Succession to the Crown During the Middle Ages’. Studies in Medieval History Presented to Frederick Maurice Powicke. Ed. R. W. Hunt, W. A. Pantin, and R. W. Southern. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948. 76–89. Print.

McKitterick, Rosamond. Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.

---. Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Web. <https://royalholloway.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Holloway&isbn=9780511396533&uid=^u>.

---. The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987. London: Longman, 1983. Print.

Meade, Marion. Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography. New York: Penguin, 1991. Print.

Meyer, A. ‘Papal Monarchy’. A Companion to the Medieval World. Ed. Carol Lansing and Edward D. English. Wiley-Blackwell Companions to European History. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 372–392. Print.

---. ‘Papal Monarchy’. A Companion to the Medieval World. Blackwell companions to European history. Hoboken: Wiley, 2010. 431–457. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=4305798>.

Milis, Ludovicus. Angelic Monks and Earthly Men: Monasticism and Its Meaning to Medieval Society. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1992. Print.

Mitchell, Stephen. ‘6. The Barbarian Kingdoms’. A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284-641: The Transformation of the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 191–224. Web. <http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip065/2005037149.html>.

Mohammed al-Maqqari, Ahmed, and C. F. Horne. ‘Tarik’s Address to His Soldiers’ in ’Breath of Perfumes’. The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East: With Historical Surveys of the Chief Writings of Each Nation. Ed. Charles F. Horne. London: Forgotten Books, 2015. 241–242. Print.

Molho, A. ‘Cosimo de’Medici: Pater Patriae or Padrino’. The Italian Renaissance: The Essential Readings. Ed. Paula Findlen. Blackwell Essential Readings in History. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2002. 64–90. Print.

Moore, R. I. The Birth of Popular Heresy. Documents of medieval history. London: Edward Arnold, 1975. Print.

Moore, R. I. The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Authority and Deviance in Western Europe 950-1250. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007. Print.

Moore, R. I. The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Authority and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250. 2nd ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Print.

Moorhead, John. ‘1. Introduction’. Gregory the Great. Early Church Fathers. London: Routledge, 2005. 1–48. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203012635>.

---. ‘2. The Western Mediterranean Till the Mid-Sixth Century’. The Roman Empire Divided: The Post-Roman World, 400-700. Harlow: Longman, 2001. 35–65. Print.

---. ‘2. The Western Mediterranean Till the Mid-Sixth Century’. The Roman Empire Divided, 400-700. Harlow: Longman, 2013. 39–71. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781408249642>.

---. ‘3. From Gaul to France’. The Roman Empire Divided: The Post-Roman World, 400-700. Harlow: Longman, 2001. 66–94. Print.

---. ‘3. From Gaul to France’. The Roman Empire Divided, 400-700. Harlow: Longman, 2013. 72–105. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781408249642>.

---. ‘Goths and Romans’. Theoderic in Italy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992. 66–113. Print.

---. ‘Introduction’. Gregory the Great. The Early Church Fathers. London: Routledge, 2005. 1–48. Print.

---. ‘Ostrogothic Italy and the Lombard Invasions’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 1: C.500-c.700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 140–161. Print.

---. ‘Ostrogothic Italy and the Lombard Invasions’. New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 1 c.500-c.700. N.p., 2005. 140–161. Web. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362917>.

Moran, Gordon, and Michael Mallory. ‘Celebrations Held in Siena During the Government of the Nine’. Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme 19.1 (1995): 39–44. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/43445033>.

Morden, L. A. ‘How Much Material Damage Did the Northmen Actually Do to Ninth Century Europe’. Simon Fraser University, 2007. Web. <https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56366875.pdf>.

Morillo, Stephen. The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations. Warfare in history. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press, 1996. Print.

Morris, Colin. ‘5. Towards the First Crusade’. The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.

---. ‘5. Towards the First Crusade’. The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=422673>.

Mortimer, Richard. ‘Extract’. Angevin England, 1154-1258. A History of Medieval Britain. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. 7–104. Print.

Mundy, John Hine. ‘Extract’. Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309. A General History of Europe. Harlow: Longman, 1973. 442–459. Print.

Murray, S. ‘Romanesque and Gothic Church Architecture’. A Companion to the Medieval World. Wiley-Blackwell Companions to European History. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 477–499. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13407003480002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. ‘Romanesque and Gothic Church Architecture’. A Companion to the Medieval World. Blackwell Companions to European History. Hoboken: Wiley, 2013. 477–499. Web. <https://www-dawsonera-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/abstract/9781444324204>.

Mynors, R. A. B. et al. Gesta Regum Anglorum: The History of the English Kings. Oxford medieval texts. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998. Print.

Najemy, J. M. ‘Florentine Politics and Urban Spaces’. Renaissance Florence: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 19–54. Print.

Nejemy, J. M. ‘Guild Republicanism in Trecento Florence’. Major Problems in the History of the Italian Renaissance. Ed. Benjamin G. Kohl and Alison Andrews Smith. Major Problems in European History Series. Lexington, Mass: Heath, 1995. 120–130. Print.

Nelson, Janet L. ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine’. Richard Coeur De Lion in History and Myth. Vol. 7. London: Centre for Late Antique and Medieval Studies, King’s College London, 1992. 17–50. Print.

---. ‘Medieval Monasticism’. The Medieval World. London: Routledge, 2001. Print.

Neuman, Abraham A. The Jews in Spain: Their Social, Political and Cultural Life During the Middle Ages. The Morris Loeb Series. New York: Octagon, 1980. Print.

Nicol, Donald M. ‘The Parting of the Ways’. Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. 84–103. Print.

Nightingale, Pamela. ‘Extract’. A Medieval Mercantile Community: The Grocers’ Company & the Politics & Trade of London, 1000-1485. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1995. 6–22. Print.

Nirenberg, David. Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998. Print.

---. Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996. Web. <https://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00423>.

Ostrogorski, Georgije. ‘The Rule of the Military Aristocracy (1081--1204)’. History of the Byzantine State. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1968. Print.

Owen, D. D. R. Eleanor of Acquitaine: Queen and Legend. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993. Print.

Oxenstierna, Eric. ‘The Vikings Heroes or Raiders’. The Norsemen. Ed. Catherine Hutter. London: Studio Vista, 1965. 13–48. Print.

Paul the Deacon. History of the Lombards. Sources of Medieval History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1974. Print.

Pernoud, Regine. Eleanor of Aquitaine. London: Collins, 1967. Print.

Peters, Edward. Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in Translation. London: Scolar Press, 1980. Print.

Petzold, Andreas. Romanesque Art. London: Everyman, 1995. Print.

Phillips, Jonathan. ‘“Deus Vult!”: The First Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem 1095-1099’. Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades. London: Bodley Head, 2009. 3–14. Print.

---. ‘Introduction’. The Crusades, 1095-1197. Harlow: Longman, 2002. 1–13. Print.

---. ‘Introduction’. The Crusades, 1095-1197. Harlow: Longman, 2002. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315839936>.

---. The Crusades, 1095-1197. Harlow: Longman, 2002. Print.

---. The Crusades, 1095-1197. Harlow: Longman, 2002. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315839936>.

Pick, Lucy K. Conflict and Coexistence: Archbishop Rodrigo and the Muslims and Jews in Medieval Spain. History, Languages, and Cultures of the Spanish and Portuguese Worlds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2004. Print.

Platt, Colin. King Death: The Black Death and Its Aftermath in Late-Medieval England. London: Routledge, 2003. Print.

---. The Castle in Medieval England and Wales. London: Secker & Warburg, 1982. Print.

Pohl, W. ‘The Barbarian Successor States’. The Transformation of the Roman World, AD 400-900. London: British Museum, 1997. 33–47. Print.

Poole, A.L. ‘The Battle of Damme’. From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216. 2nd ed. Oxford history of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955. 459–486. Print.

Pounds, Norman John Greville. ‘Castles of the Conquest’. The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 3–25. Print.

---. ‘Castles of the Conquest’. The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 3–25. Print.

Prestwich, Michael. Plantagenet England 1225-1360. The New Oxford History of England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.

---. Plantagenet England, 1225-1360. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=422706>.

---. ‘Population and the Black Death: The Black Death; The Course of the Epidemic; The Consequences for Economy and Government; Church and Culture’. Plantagenet England 1225-1360. The New Oxford History of England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 538–553. Print.

---. ‘Population and the Black Death: The Black Death; The Course of the Epidemic; The Consequences for Economy and Government; Church and Culture’. Plantagenet England, 1225-1360. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005. 538–553. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=422706>.

---. The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272-1377. London: Methuen, 1980. Print.

---. The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272-1377. London: Routledge, 2003. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203607138>.

---. ‘Wales: Settlement and Rebellion’. Edward I. English Monarchs. London: Methuen, 1988. Print.

Rex, Peter. 1066: A New History of the Norman Conquest. Stroud: Amberley, 2011. Print.

---. William the Conqueror: The Bastard of Normandy. Stroud: Amberley, 2011. Print.

Richard, Jean. ‘The Beginning of the Crusades’. The Crusades, c. 1071-c. 1291. Cambridge medieval textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.

Richards, J. D. English Heritage Book of Viking Age England. London: Batsford, 1991. Print.

Richards, Jeffrey. ‘Gregory and the East’. Consul of God: The Life and Times of Gregory the Great. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. 217–227. Print.

---. Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages. London: Routledge, 1991. Print.

---. Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages. London: Routledge, 1991. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=1395477>.

---. ‘The Lombardic Crisis’. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979. 162–180. Print.

Richardson, H. G. ‘The Letters and Charters of Eleanor of Aquitaine’. The English Historical Review 74.291 (1959): 193–213. Web. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/558439>.

Riley-Smith, J. ‘The Crusades, 1095-1198’. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. 4: C. 1024-c. 1198, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 534–563. Print.

---. ‘The Crusades, 1095-1198’. The New Cambridge Medieval History. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 534–563. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521414111>.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ‘Chapters 1 and 2’. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. London: Athlone, 1993. Print.

---. ‘Crusading as an Act of Love’. History 65.214 (1980): 177–192. Web.

---. ‘Pope Urban’s Message’. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. 13–30. Print.

---. ‘Pope Urban’s Message’. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. London: Continuum, 1986. 13–30. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=436855>.

---. ‘The Birth of the Crusading Movement: The Preaching of the First Crusade’. The Crusades: A Short History. London: Athlone, 1987. Print.

---. The First Crusaders, 1095-1131. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.

---. ‘The Response of Lay People’. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. 31–57. Print.

---. ‘The Response of Lay People’. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. London: Continuum, 1986. 31–57. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rhul/detail.action?docID=436855>.

---. What Were the Crusades? 4th Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print.

Roach, Andrew P. The Devil’s World: Heresy and Society, 1100-1300. The Medieval World. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2005. Print.

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---. ‘7. The Christian Shaping of Kingship’. Early Medieval Europe 300-1050: The Birth of Western Society. Harlow, England: Pearson, 2012. 278–299. Print.

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Suger, Abbot. ‘On What Was Done in His Administration’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/sugar.asp>.

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Waley, Daniel Philip, and Peter Denley. ‘1. Government in the Latter Thirteenth Century: Communes: The Medieval City-State’. Later Medieval Europe, 1250-1520. 3rd ed. revised by Peter Denley. Harlow: Longman, 2001. 15–21. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13397735240002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

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---. ‘10. The Territorial Lordships of Italy: Florence and the Medici’. Later Medieval Europe, 1250-1520. Harlow: Longman, 2001. 192–196. Web. <http://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=13397650050002671&institutionId=2671&customerId=2670>.

---. ‘10. The Territorial Lordships of Italy: Florence and the Medici’. Later Medieval Europe, 1250-1520. Harlow: Longman, 2001. 192–196. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315842875>.

---. ‘11. The French Recovery’. Later Medieval Europe, 1250-1520. Harlow: Longman, 2001. 206–217. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315842875>.

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---. Later Medieval Europe, 1250-1520. 3rd ed. revised by Peter Denley. Harlow: Longman, 2001. Print.

---. Later Medieval Europe, 1250-1520. Harlow: Longman, 2001. Web. <http://ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315842875>.

---. Later Medieval Europe, 1250-1520. 3rd ed. revised by Peter Denley. Harlow: Longman, 2001. Print.

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Warner, Philip. ‘3. The Motte and Bailey Castle’. The Medieval Castle: Life in a Fortress in Peace and War. Medieval Life Series. London: Barker, 1971. 29–46. Print.

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---. The Idea of the Castle in Medieval England. Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 2004. Print.

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Bibliography for HS1116: Rome to Renaissance: An Introduction to the Middle Ages BETA