1.
Begon, M., Mortimer, M., Thompson, D.J.: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. Blackwell, Oxford (1996).
2.
Begon, M., Mortimer, M., Thompson, D.J.: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996).
3.
Gotelli, N.J.: A Primer of Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass (2008).
4.
Morin, P.J.: Community Ecology. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex (2011).
5.
Morin, P.J.: Community Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester (2011).
6.
Gotelli, N.G.: Chapter 1; Exponential Population Growth. In: A Primer of Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass (2008).
7.
Begon, M., Mortimer, M., Thompson, D.J.: Intraspecific Competition. In: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. pp. 28–51. Blackwell, Oxford (1996).
8.
Begon, M., Mortimer, M., Thompson, D.J.: Intraspecific Competition. In: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. pp. 28–51. Wiley, Hoboken (1996).
9.
Gotelli, N.G.: Chapter 2: Logistic Population Growth. In: A Primer of Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass (2008).
10.
Begon, M., Mortimer, M., Thompson, D.J.: Intraspecific Competition. In: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. pp. 28–51. Blackwell, Oxford (1996).
11.
Begon, M., Mortimer, M., Thompson, D.J.: Intraspecific Competition. In: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. pp. 28–51. Wiley, Hoboken (1996).
12.
Benincà, E., Huisman, J.: Chaos in a Long-Term Experiment With a Plankton Community. Nature. 451, 822–825 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06512.
13.
Costantino, R.F., Cushing, J.M., Dennis, B., Desharnais, R.A.: Experimentally Induced Transitions in the Dynamic Behaviour of Insect  Populations. Nature. 375, 227–230 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1038/375227a0.
14.
Rohani, P., Earn, D.J.D.: Chaos in a Cup of Flour. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 12, (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01055-0.
15.
Fryxell, J.M., Sinclair, A.R.E., Caugley, G.: Wildlife Harvesting. In: Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management. pp. 325–346. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West Sussex (2014).
16.
Fryxell, J.M., R. E. Sinclair, A., Caughley, G.: Wildlife Harvesting. In: Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management. pp. 225–346. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex (2014).
17.
Ulrich, C.: Achieving Maximum Sustainable Yield in Mixed Fisheries: A Management Approach for the North Sea Demersal Fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw126.
18.
Gotelli, N.G.: Exponential Population Growth. In: A Primer of Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass (2008).
19.
Gotelli, N.: Competition. In: A Primer of Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass (2008).
20.
Morin, P.J.: Competition: Mechanisms, Models and Niches. In: Community Ecology. pp. 24–33. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex (2011).
21.
Morin, P.J.: Competition: Mechanisms, Models and Niches. In: Community Ecology. pp. 24–57. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester (2011).
22.
Morin, P.J.: Competition: Experiments, Observations and Null Models. In: Community Ecology. pp. 58–84. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex (2011).
23.
Morin, P.J.: Competition: Experiments, Observations and Null Models. In: Community Ecology. pp. 58–89. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester (2011).
24.
Gause, G.F.: Competition for Food in Protozoa. In: The Struggle for Existence. Dover Publications, Mineola, NY (2003).
25.
Scheffer, M., Szabó, S.: Floating Plant Dominance as a Stable State. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100, 4040–4045 (2003).
26.
Adam, M.E., Lewis, J.W.: The Lack of Co-Existence Between                            and                            (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 58, 227–228 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/58.2.227.
27.
Begon, M., Mortimer, M., Thompson, D.J.: Beyond Population Ecology. In: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. pp. 77–116. Blackwell, Oxford (1996).
28.
Begon, M., Mortimer, M., Thompson, D.J.: Interspecific Competition. In: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. pp. 77–116. Wiley, Hoboken (1996).
29.
Ives, A.R., Einarsson, Á., Jansen, V.A.A., Gardarsson, A.: High-Amplitude Fluctuations and Alternative Dynamical States of Midges in Lake Myvatn. Nature. 452, 84–87 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06610.
30.
Bryden, J., Gill, R.J., Mitton, R.A.A., Raine, N.E., Jansen, V.A.A.: Chronic Sublethal Stress Causes Bee Colony Failure. Ecology Letters. 16, 1463–1469 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12188.
31.
Morin, P.J.: Indirect Effects. In: Community Ecology. pp. 187–203. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex (2011).
32.
Morin, P.J.: Indirect Effects. In: Community Ecology. pp. 187–212. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester (2011).
33.
Bonsall, M.B., Hassell, M.P.: Apparent Competition Structures Ecological Assemblages. Nature. 388, 371–373 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/41084.
34.
Morris, R.J., Lewis, O.T., Godfray, H.C.J.: Experimental Evidence for Apparent Competition in a Tropical Forest Food Web. Nature. 428, 310–313 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02394.
35.
Mumby, P.J., Steneck, R.S., Hastings, A.: Evidence for and Against the Existence of Alternate Attractors on Coral Reefs. Oikos. 122, 481–491 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00262.x.
36.
Mumby, P.J., Hastings, A., Edwards, H.J.: Thresholds and the Resilience of Caribbean Coral Reefs. Nature. 450, 98–101 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06252.
37.
Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J.A., Folke, C., Walker, B.: Catastrophic Shifts in Ecosystems. Nature. 413, 591–596 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35098000.
38.
Begon, M.: Beyond Population Ecology. In: Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996).
39.
Begon, M.: Beyond Population Ecology. In: Population Ecology. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996).
40.
Gutierrez, R.J.: Applying Metapopulation Theory to Spotted Owl Management: A History and a Critique. In: Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C. (1996).
41.
Gotelli, N.G.: Metapopulation Dynamics. In: A Primer of Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass (2008).
42.
Noon, B.R., McKelvey, K.S.: Management of the Spotted Owl: A Case History in Conservation Biology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 27, 135–162 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.135.
43.
Hanski, I.: Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999).
44.
Dudgeon, S.R.: Phase Shifts and Stable States on Coral Reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 413, (2010).
45.
Sims, D.W.: Scaling Laws of Marine Predator Search Behaviour. Nature. 451, 1098–1102 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06518.
46.
Humphries, N.E.: Environmental Context Explains Lévy and Brownian Movement Patterns of Marine Predators. Nature. 465, 1066–1069 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09116.
47.
Jager, M. de: Lévy Walks Evolve Through Interaction Between Movement and Environmental Complexity. Science. 332, (2011).
48.
Jansen, V.A.A., Mashanova, A., Petrovskii, S.: Comment on ‘Levy Walks Evolve Through Interaction Between Movement and Environmental Complexity’. Science. 335, 918–918 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215747.
49.
Gotelli, N.: Predation. In: A Primer of Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass (2008).
50.
Morin, P.J.: Predation and Communities. In: Community Ecology. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex (2011).
51.
Morin, P.J.: Predation and Communities. In: Community Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester (2011).
52.
Morin, P.J.: Models of Predation in Simple Communities. In: Community Ecology. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex (2011).
53.
Morin, P.J.: Models of Predation in Simple Communities. In: Community Ecology. pp. 120–135. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester (2011).
54.
Morin, P.J.: Spatial Dynamics, Recruitment Limited Patterns and Island Biogeography. In: Community Ecology. pp. 251–268. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex (2011).
55.
Morin, P.J.: Spatial Dynamics, Recruitment Limited Patterns and Island Biogeography. In: Community Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester (2011).
56.
Hassell, M.P., Comins, H.N., Mayt, R.M.: Spatial Structure and Chaos in Insect Population Dynamics. Nature. 353, 255–258 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1038/353255a0.
57.
Ellner, S.P., McCauley, E.: Habitat Structure and Population Persistence in an Experimental Community. Nature. 412, 538–543 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35087580.
58.
Scherer, A.: Mathematical Models of Vaccination. British Medical Bulletin. 62, 187–199 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/62.1.187.
59.
Louz, D., Bergmans, H.E., Loos, B.P., Hoeben, R.C.: Emergence of Viral Diseases: Mathematical Modeling as a Tool for Infection Control, Policy and Decision Making. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 36, 195–211 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3109/10408411003604619.
60.
Earn, D.J.D., Dushoff, J., Levin, S.A.: Ecology and Evolution of the Flu. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 17, 334–340 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02502-8.
61.
Girard, M.P., Tam, J.S., Assossou, O.M., Kieny, M.P.: The 2009 a (H1N1) Influenza Virus Pandemic: A Review. Vaccine. 28, 4895–4902 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.031.
62.
Facts About Ebola | World Heath Organisation, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/.
63.
Cohen, J.: Congo Rapidly Curtails Ebola. Science. 361, 211–212 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.361.6399.211.
64.
WHO Information on Avian Flu | World Health Organisation, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/.
65.
WHO Information on Swine Flu | World Health Orgaisation, http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/.
66.
UK Contingency Plan for Pandemic Flu | Gov.uk, https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/pandemic-flu-public-health-response.
67.
Ferguson, N.M., Cummings, D.A.T., Cauchemez, S., Fraser, C., Riley, S., Meeyai, A., Iamsirithaworn, S., Burke, D.S.: Strategies for Containing an Emerging Influenza Pandemic in Southeast Asia. Nature. 437, 209–214 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04017.
68.
Ferguson, N.M.: Strategies for Mitigating an Influenza Pandemic. Nature. 442, 448–452 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04795.
69.
Jansen, V.A.A.: Measles Outbreaks in a Population With Declining Vaccine Uptake. Science. 301, (2003).
70.
Lawton, J.H.: Are there general laws in ecology? Journal of Applied Ecology. 84, (1999). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3546712.
71.
Humboldt’s legacy. Ecology Letters. 3, 1265–1266 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01094.x.
72.
Connell, J.H.: The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus Stellatus. Oikos. 42, (1961). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1933500.
73.
G. E. Hutchinson, G.E.: Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals? Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 93, 145–159 (1959). https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2458768.
74.
Anne E., M.: Measuring Biological Diversity. (2013).
75.
Kulmatiski, A., Beard, K.H., Stevens, J.R.: Plant-Soil Feedbacks: A Meta-Analytical Review. Ecology Letters. 11, 980–992 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01209.x.
76.
Mora, C., Tittensor, D.P.: How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean? PLoS Biology. 9, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127.
77.
Hillebrand, H.: On the Generality of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient. The American Naturalist. 163, 192–211 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/381004.
78.
Jablonski, D., Roy, K., Valentine, J.W.: Out of the Tropics: Evolutionary Dynamics of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient. Science. 314, 102–106 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130880.
79.
Tedersoo, L.: Global Diversity and Geography of Soil Fungi. Science. 346, 1256688–1256688 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256688.
80.
Gaston, K.J.: Abundance-Occupancy Relationships. Journal of Applied Ecology. 37, 39–59 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00485.x.
81.
Holt, A.R., Gaston, K.J.: Interspecific Abundance-Occupancy Relationships of British Mammals and Birds: Is It Possible to Explain the Residual Variation? Global Ecology and Biogeography. 12, 37–46 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00315.x.
82.
Lennon, J.J., Koleff, P., Greenwood, J.J.D., Gaston, K.J.: Contribution of Rarity and Commonness to Patterns of Species Richness. Ecology Letters. 7, 81–87 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2004.00548.x.
83.
Gaston, K., Fuller, R.: Commonness, Population Depletion and Conservation Biology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 23, 14–19 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.11.001.
84.
The State of Nature Report.
85.
The State of Nature Report. (2016).
86.
The State of The UK’s Birds | The RSPB, https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/centre-for-conservation-science/state-of-the-uks-birds/.
87.
Johnson, K.H.: Biodiversity and the Productivity and Stability of Ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 11, 372–377 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)10040-9.
88.
Tilman, D., Reich, P.B., Knops, J.M.H.: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability in a Decade-Long Grassland Experiment. Nature. 441, 629–632 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04742.
89.
Kennedy, T.A.: Biodiversity as a Barrier to Ecological Invasion. Nature. 417, 636–638 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00776.
90.
Herben, T.: Invasibility and Species Richness of a Community: A Neutral Model and a Survey of Published Data. Ecology. 85, (2004).
91.
Fridley, J.D.: The Invasion Paradox: Reconciling Pattern and Process in Species Invasions. Ecology. 88, (2007).
92.
Gurevitch, J., Padilla, D.: Are Invasive Species a Major Cause of Extinctions? Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 19, 470–474 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.005.
93.
Strayer, D.L., Eviner, V.T., Jeschke, J.M., Pace, M.L.: Understanding the Long-Term Effects of Species Invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 21, 645–651 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.007.
94.
Worm, B., Barbier, E.B.: Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Science (New York, N.Y.). 314, 787–790 (2006).
95.
Urban, M.C.: Accelerating Extinction Risk From Climate Change. Science. 348, 571–573 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4984.
96.
Murphy, G.E.P., Romanuk, T.N.: A Meta-Analysis of Declines in Local Species Richness From Human Disturbances. Ecology and Evolution. 4, 91–103 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.909.
97.
Ponting, C.: The Intriguing Tale of Easter Island | Eco Action, http://www.eco-action.org/dt/eisland.html.
98.
The World Population Clock | Galen, http://galen.metapath.org/popclk.html.
99.
Jarman, C.: The Truth About Easter Island: A Sustainable Society Has Been Falsely Blamed for Its Own Demise. The Conversation. (2017).
100.
Sheridan, J.A., Bickford, D.: Shrinking Body Size as an Ecological Response to Climate Change. Nature Climate Change. 1, 401–406 (2011).
101.
White, E.P., Ernest, S.K.M., Kerkhoff, A.J., Enquist, B.J.: Relationships Between Body Size and Abundance in Ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22, 323–330 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.03.007.
102.
Woodward, G.: Body Size in Ecological Networks. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 20, 402–409 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.005.
103.
Soininen, J.: A Quantitative Analysis of Species Sorting Across Organisms and Ecosystems. Ecology. 95, (2014).
104.
Smith, F.A., Boyer, A.G.: The Evolution of Maximum Body Size of Terrestrial Mammals. Science. 330, 1216–1219 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194830.
105.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A.: Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities. Nature. 403, 853–858 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501.
106.
Cincotta, R.P., Wisnewski, J., Engelman, R.: Human Population in Biodiversity Hotspots. Nature. 404, 990–992 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35010105.
107.
Ripple, W.J., Beschta, R.L.: Trophic Cascades in Yellowstone: The First 15years After Wolf Reintroduction. Biological Conservation. 145, 205–213 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.005.
108.
Puttock, A.: Eurasian Beaver Activity Increases Water Storage, Attenuates Flow and Mitigates Diffuse Pollution From Intensively-Managed Grasslands. Science of The Total Environment. 576, 430–443 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.122.
109.
Scottish Beavers, http://www.scottishbeavers.org.uk/.
110.
Keystone Species | Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species.
111.
Rooney, N., McCann, K.S.: Integrating Food Web Diversity, Structure and Stability. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 27, 40–46 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.001.
112.
McMeans, B.C.: Food Web Structure in Temporally-Forced Ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 30, 662–672 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.001.
113.
David, P.: Impacts of Invasive Species on Food Webs: A Review of Empirical Data. In: Bohan, D.A., Dumbrell, A.J., and Massol, F. (eds.) Networks of Invasion: A Synthesis of Concepts. Academic Press, Oxford (2017).
114.
Woodward, G.: Body Size in Ecological Networks. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 20, 402–409 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.005.
115.
Van der Putten, W.H., Vet, L.E.M., Harvey, J.A., Wäckers, F.L.: Linking Above- and Belowground Multitrophic Interactions of Plants, Herbivores, Pathogens, and Their Antagonists. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 16, 547–554 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02265-0.
116.
Morris, T., Letnic, M.: Removal of an Apex Predator Initiates a Trophic Cascade That Extends From Herbivores to Vegetation and the Soil Nutrient Pool. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0111.
117.
Knight, T.M., McCoy, M.W.: Trophic Cascades Across Ecosystems. Nature. 437, 880–883 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03962.