[1]
A Fascinating World 2017. Did You Know: If an Horned Lizard Feels Threatened, It Can Shoot Blood | YouTube. Youtube.
[2]
ABB Formula E 2017. Drag Race: Formula E Car vs Cheetah | YouTube.
[3]
Abigail C 2011. Bird Respiration | YouTube. YouTube.
[4]
Aerodynamics | HowThingsFly: https://howthingsfly.si.edu/aerodynamics.
[5]
African Wild Dog Facts: What Makes Them Such Fascinating Hunters? | Africa-Wildlife-Detective: https://www.africa-wildlife-detective.com/African-wild-dog.html.
[6]
Air Flow Patterns Facilitate Efficient Gas Exchange: Birds: 2016. https://asknature.org/strategy/air-flow-patterns-facilitate-efficient-gas-exchange/#.XF15sVX7SUl.
[7]
All Things Creepy 2017. Giant Deep Sea Shark Lives Over 500 Years: Greenland Shark Lifespan Recent Studies | YouTube.
[8]
Anderson, C.V. et al. 2012. Scaling of the Ballistic Tongue Apparatus in Chameleons. Journal of Morphology. 273, 11 (2012), 1214–1226. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20053.
[9]
Anderson, C.V. and Deban, S.M. 2010. Ballistic Tongue Projection in Chameleons Maintains High Performance at Low Temperature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107, 12 (2010), 5495–5499. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910778107.
[10]
Animal Survival in Extreme Temperatures: 2013. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2013-2014/animal-survival-in-extreme-temperatures.html.
[11]
Animal Survival in Extreme Temperatures: 2013. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2013-2014/animal-survival-in-extreme-temperatures.html.
[12]
Antifreeze-Like Blood Lets Frogs Freeze and Thaw With Winter’s Whims: 2007. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2007/02/frog-antifreeze-blood-winter-adaptation/.
[13]
Arnbom, T. et al. 1987. Sperm Whales React to an Attack by Killer Whales. Journal of Mammalogy. 68, 2 (1987), 450–453. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1381497.
[14]
Astley, H.C. et al. 2015. Modulation of Orthogonal Body Waves Enables High Maneuverability in Sidewinding Locomotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112, 19 (2015), 6200–6205. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418965112.
[15]
Baird, R.W. et al. 2006. Diving Behaviour of Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris) Beaked Whales in Hawai’i. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 84, 8 (2006), 1120–1128. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1139/z06-095.
[16]
Baker, L.A. et al. 1972. Temperature Induced Peripheral Blood Flow Changes in Lizards. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 80, 3 (1972), 312–323. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00694844.
[17]
Baker, L.A. et al. 1972. Temperature Induced Peripheral Blood Flow Changes in Lizards. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 80, 3 (1972), 312–323. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00694844.
[18]
Baker, M.A. 1979. A Brain-cooling System in Mammals. Scientific American. 240, 5 (1979), 130–139.
[19]
Bangor University 2015. The Roller Coaster Flight Strategy of Bar-Headed Geese | YouTube. YouTube.
[20]
BBC 2014. The Highest Flying Birds in the World | YouTube. YouTube.
[21]
BBC Earth 2013. Biggest Dinosaur Ever! Argentinosaurus | YouTube.
[22]
BBC Earth 2013. Chameleon Tongue In Slow Motion | YouTube.
[23]
BBC Earth 2014. Deadly 60: Breathtaking! Slow Motion Puff Adder Attack | YouTube.
[24]
BBC Earth 2017. Planet Earth: Amazing Kangaroo Technique To Stay Cool | YouTube. YouTube.
[25]
BBC Earth 2018. Snake Bites Compared in Slow Mo: Spectacled Cobra vs Saw Scaled Viper | YouTube.
[26]
BBC Earth 2015. Whales’ Bubble Net Fishing | YouTube. YouTube.
[27]
BBC Earth Unplugged 2015. Chameleon Tongue Attack in Slow Motion | YouTube.
[28]
BBC News 2013. How Did Sauropods Support Their Weight? | YouTube.
[29]
BBC One The Smallest Fox With the Biggest Ears! | BBC.
[30]
BBC Planet Earth 2015. African Wild Dogs Hunting Behavior | YouTube.
[31]
BBC Studios 2008. Amazing Lizard Dance & Dive | YouTube. YouTube.
[32]
BBC Studios 2008. How Marine Mammals Survive Underwater Life | YouTube. YouTube.
[33]
BBC Studios 2008. Top Gun Geese! - Extreme Animals | YouTube. YouTube.
[34]
Bertram, J.E.A. and Gutmann, A. 2009. Motions of the Running Horse and Cheetah Revisited: Fundamental Mechanics of the Transverse and Rotary Gallop. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 6, 35 (2009), 549–559. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0328.
[35]
Big! The Life of Sauropod Dinosaurs | National Geographic: 2011. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2011/05/10/big-the-life-of-sauropod-dinosaurs/.
[36]
Bird Flight | Askabiologist: https://askabiologist.asu.edu/how-do-birds-fly.
[37]
Bishop, C.M. et al. 2015. The Roller Coaster Flight Strategy of Bar-Headed Geese Conserves Energy During Himalayan Migrations. Science. 347, 6219 (2015), 250–254. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258732.
[38]
Bonine, K.E. and Garland, T. 1999. Sprint Performance of Phrynosomatid Lizards, Measured on a High-Speed Treadmill, Correlates With Hindlimb Length. Journal of Zoology. 248, 2 (1999), 255–265. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01201.x.
[39]
Borucinska, J.D. et al. 1998. Ocular Lesions Associated With Attachment of the Parasitic Copepod Ommatokoita Elongata (Grant) to Corneas of Greenland Sharks, Somniosus Microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider). Journal of Fish Diseases. 21, 6 (1998), 415–422. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1998.00122.x.
[40]
Brain, C.K. Observations on the Temperature Tolerance of Lizards in the Central Namib Desert, South West Africa. Scientific Papers of the Namib Desert Research Station. 1963, 15, 1–5.
[41]
Brau, F. et al. 2016. Dynamics of Prey Prehension by Chameleons Through Viscous Adhesion. Nature Physics. 12, 10 (2016), 931–935. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3795.
[42]
Breathing (Marine Mammals): http://what-when-how.com/marine-mammals/breathing-marine-mammals/.
[43]
Broeckhoven, C. and du Plessis, A. 2017. Has Snake Fang Evolution Lost Its Bite? New Insights From a Structural Mechanics Viewpoint. Biology Letters. 13, 8 (2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0293.
[44]
Burleson, G.L. 1942. The Source of the Blood Ejected from the Eye by Horned Toads. Copeia. 1942, 4 (1942). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1438013.
[45]
Cai, Q. and B. Storey, K. 1997. Upregulation of a Novel Gene by Freezing Exposure in the Freeze-Tolerant Wood Frog (Rana Sylvatica). Gene. 198, 1–2 (1997), 305–312. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00332-6.
[46]
Campana, S.E. et al. 2002. Bomb Dating and Age Determination of Large Pelagic Sharks. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 59, 3 (2002), 450–455.
[47]
Carbone, C. et al. 1997. Feeding Success in African Wild Dogs: Does Kleptoparasitism by Spotted Hyenas Influence Hunting Group Size? The Journal of Animal Ecology. 66, 3 (1997). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/5978.
[48]
Careau, V. et al. 2007. Basal Metabolic Rate of Canidae from Hot Deserts to Cold Arctic Climates. Journal of Mammalogy. 88, 2 (2007), 394–400. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-111R1.1.
[49]
ChameleoCam 2016. How Does a Chameleon’s Tongue Work? | YouTube.
[50]
Chameleon Tongues Among Fastest on Earth | National Geographic: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/160105-chameleons-tongue-speed-animals-science/.
[51]
Chameleons’ Secret Hunting Weapon: Super-Sticky Mucus | National Geographic: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/chameleon-tongue-mucus-sticky-animals/.
[52]
Channel, S. 2015. Frogsicles: Frozen But Still Alive | YouTube. YouTube.
[53]
Churchill, T.A. and Storey, K.B. 1993. Dehydration Tolerance in Wood Frogs: A New Perspective on Development of Amphibian Freeze Tolerance. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 265, (1993).
[54]
Cintra-Francischinelli, M. et al. 2010. Bothrops Snake Myotoxins Induce a Large Efflux of ATP and Potassium With Spreading of Cell Damage and Pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107, 32 (2010), 14140–14145. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009128107.
[55]
Clarke, M.R. 1978. Buoyancy Control as a Function of the Spermaceti Organ in the Sperm Whale. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 58, 1 (1978), 27–71. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400024395.
[56]
Clarke, M.R. 1970. Function of the Spermaceti Organ of the Sperm Whale. Nature. 228, 5274 (1970), 873–874. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/228873a0.
[57]
Clarke, M.R. 1978. Structure and Proportions of the Spermaceti Organ in the Sperm Whale. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 58, 01 (1978). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400024371.
[58]
Comanns, P. et al. 2017. Adsorption and Movement of Water by Skin of the Australian Thorny Devil (Agamidae: Moloch horridus). Royal Society Open Science. 4, 9 (2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170591.
[59]
Comanns, P. 2018. Passive Water Collection With the Integument: Mechanisms and Their Biomimetic Potential. Journal of Experimental Biology. 221, 10 (2018).
[60]
Conlon, J. 1998. Freeze Tolerance in the Wood Frog Rana Sylvatica Is Associated With Unusual Structural Features in Insulin but Not in Glucagon. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 21, 2 (1998), 153–159. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0210153.
[61]
Control of Muscle Tension: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/control-of-muscle-tension/.
[62]
Costanzo, J.P. et al. 2015. Cryoprotectants and Extreme Freeze Tolerance in a Subarctic Population of the Wood Frog. PLOS ONE. 10, 2 (2015). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117234.
[63]
Costanzo, J.P. et al. 1997. Freezing Impairment of Male Reproductive Behaviors of the Freeze-Tolerant Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica. Physiological Zoology. 70, 2 (1997).
[64]
Costanzo, J.P. 1993. Glucose Concentration Regulates Freeze Tolerance in the Wood Frog Rana Sylvatica. Journal of Experimental Biology. 181, 1 (1993), 245–255.
[65]
Costanzo, J.P. et al. 1993. Physiological Responses of Freeze-Tolerant and -Intolerant Frogs: Clues to Evolution of Anuran Freeze Tolerance. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 265, 4 (1993), R721–R725. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.4.R721.
[66]
Courchamp, F. 2002. Small Pack Size Imposes a Trade-Off Between Hunting and Pup-Guarding in the Painted Hunting Dog Lycaon Pictus. Behavioral Ecology. 13, 1 (2002), 20–27. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/13.1.20.
[67]
Courchamp, F. and Macdonald, D.W. 2001. Crucial Importance of Pack Size in the African Wild Dog Lycaon Pictus. Animal Conservation. 4, 2 (2001), 169–174. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943001001196.
[68]
Cowan, K.J. and Storey, K.B. 2001. Freeze-Thaw Effects on Metabolic Enzymes in Wood Frog Organs. Cryobiology. 43, 1 (2001), 32–45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/cryo.2001.2338.
[69]
Creel, S. et al. 1997. Rank and Reproduction in Cooperatively Breeding African Wild Dogs: Behavioral and Endocrine Correlates. Behavioral Ecology. 8, 3 (1997), 298–306. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/8.3.298.
[70]
Creel, S. and Marusha Creel, N. 1996. Limitation of African Wild Dogs by Competition with Larger Carnivores. Conservation Biology. 10, 2 (1996), 526–538.
[71]
Daly, J.W. et al. 1965. Batrachotoxin. The Active Principle of the Colombian Arrow Poison Frog, Phyllobates bicolor. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 87, 1 (1965), 124–126. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01079a026.
[72]
Daly, J.W. et al. 1980. Levels of Batrachotoxin and Lack of Sensitivity to its Action in Poison-Dart Frogs (Phyllobates). Science. 208, 4450 (1980).
[73]
Dayan, T. et al. 1989. Ecological Character Displacement in Saharo-Arabian Vulpes: Outfoxing Bergmann’s Rule. Oikos. 55, 2 (1989). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/3565430.
[74]
Dinosaur Titans: Sauropods’ Secrets Revealed | BBC: 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24659003.
[75]
Diogenes, S. 2016. Freezing North American Wood Frogs | YouTube. YouTube.
[76]
Discovery Channel 2013. Sperm Whales Sleeping | YouTube. YouTube.
[77]
DuBridge, T. 2015. The Wood Frog’s Freeze Tolerance | YouTube. YouTube.
[78]
Dumbacher, J.P. et al. 2000. Batrachotoxin Alkaloids from Passerine Birds: A Second Toxic Bird Genus (Ifrita kowaldi) from New Guinea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97, 24 (2000).
[79]
Dumbacher, J.P. et al. 1992. Homobatrachotoxin in the Genus Pitohui: Chemical Defense in Birds? Science. 258, 5083 (1992).
[80]
Dumbacher, J.P. et al. 2004. Melyrid Beetles (Choresine): A Putative Source for the Batrachotoxin Alkaloids Found in Poison-Dart Frogs and Toxic Passerine Birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101, 45 (2004).
[81]
Dumbacher, J.P. et al. Skin as a Toxin Storage Organ in the Endemic New Guinean Genus Pitohui. The Auk. 126, 3, 520–530. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.08230.
[82]
Dumbacher, J.P. and Fleischer, R.C. 2001. Phylogenetic Evidence for Colour Pattern Convergence in Toxic Pitohuis: Müllerian Mimicry in Birds? Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 268, 1480 (2001).
[83]
Dunkin, R.C. et al. 2013. Climate Influences Thermal Balance and Water Use in African and Asian Elephants: Physiology Can Predict Drivers of Elephant Distribution. Journal of Experimental Biology. 216, 15 (2013), 2939–2952. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.080218.
[84]
Eagle, R.A. et al. 2011. Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13C-18O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals. Science. 333, 6041 (2011), 443–445.
[85]
Esoteric Detective 2016. 400 Year Old Greenland Shark Found Still Alive | YouTube.
[86]
Estes, R.D. and Goddard, J. 1967. Prey Selection and Hunting Behavior of the African Wild Dog. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 31, 1 (1967). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/3798360.
[87]
Evans, J.S. et al. 2017. Sand-Diving as an Escape Tactic in the Lizard Meroles Anchietae. Journal of Arid Environments. 140, (2017), 1–5. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.01.005.
[88]
Eyes Squirt Blood: Pigmy Short-Horned Lizard | Asknature: 2016. https://asknature.org/strategy/eyes-squirt-blood/#.XF2G5VX7SUl.
[89]
FG TECH 2018. Thermal Drone Footage of Elephants to Monitor Endangered Species | YouTube. YouTube.
[90]
Fisk, A.T. et al. 2002. Using Anthropogenic Contaminants and Stable Isotopes to Assess the Feeding Ecology of Greenland Sharks. Ecology. 83, 8 (2002), 2162–2172. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2162:UACASI]2.0.CO;2.
[91]
Gallery Interactives: How Do Birds Fly? | Canadian Museum of Nature: https://nature.ca/discover/exb/hwdbrdsfly/index_e.html.
[92]
Ganse, B. et al. 2011. Body Mass Estimation, Thermoregulation, and Cardiovascular Physiology of Large Sauropods. Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs: Understanding the Life of Giants. 105–115.
[93]
Germano, D.J. 1992. Longevity and Age-Size Relationships of Populations of Desert Tortoises. Copeia. 1992, 2 (1992), 367–374. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1446197.
[94]
Gibbons, J.W. 1987. Why Do Turtles Live So Long? BioScience. 37, 4 (1987), 262–269. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1310589.
[95]
Gibbons, J.W. and Semlitsch, R.D. 1982. Survivorship and Longevity of a Long-Lived Vertebrate Species: How Long do Turtles Live? The Journal of Animal Ecology. 51, 2 (1982). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/3981.
[96]
Golightly, R.T. and Ohmart, R.D. 1983. Metabolism and Body Temperature of Two Desert Canids: Coyotes and Kit Foxes. Journal of Mammalogy. 64, 4 (1983), 624–635. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1380518.
[97]
Gorman, M.L. et al. 1998. High Hunting Costs Make African Wild Dogs Vulnerable to Kleptoparasitism by Hyaenas. Nature. 391, 6666 (1998), 479–481. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/35131.
[98]
Greenland Shark May Live 400 Years, Smashing Longevity Record | Science Mag: 2016. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/greenland-shark-may-live-400-years-smashing-longevity-record.
[99]
de Groot, J.H. and van Leeuwen, J.L. 2004. Evidence for an Elastic Projection Mechanism in the Chameleon Tongue. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 271, 1540 (2004), 761–770. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2637.
[100]
Hawkes, L.A. et al. 2014. Maximum Running Speed of Captive Bar-Headed Geese Is Unaffected by Severe Hypoxia. PLoS ONE. 9, 4 (2014). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094015.
[101]
Hawkes, L.A. et al. 2011. The Trans-Himalayan Flights of Bar-Headed Geese (Anser indicus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108, 23 (2011), 9516–9519. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017295108.
[102]
Hay, O.P. 1892. On the Ejection of Blood From the Eyes of Horned Toads. Proceedings of The United States National Museum. 15, (1892), 375–378.
[103]
Heath, J.E. 1964. Head-Body Temperature Differences in Horned Lizards. Physiological Zoology. 37, 3 (1964), 273–279. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.37.3.30152398.
[104]
Heath, J.E. 1966. Venous Shunts in the Cephalic Sinuses of Horned Lizards. Physiological Zoology. 39, 1 (1966), 30–35. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.39.1.30152764.
[105]
Herrel, A. et al. 2001. Functional Implications of Supercontracting Muscle in the Chameleon Tongue Retractors. Journal of Experimental Biology. 204, 21 (2001), 3621–3627.
[106]
Herrel, A. 2000. The Mechanics of Prey Prehension in Chameleons. Journal of Experimental Biology. 203, 21 (2000), 3255–3263.
[107]
Hetem, R.S. et al. 2013. Cheetah Do Not Abandon Hunts Because They Overheat. Biology Letters. 9, 5 (2013), 20130472–20130472. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0472.
[108]
Highest Flying Bird Found; Can Scale Himalaya: 2011. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110610-highest-flying-birds-geese-himalaya-mountains-animals/.
[109]
Hildebrand, M. 1959. Motions of the Running Cheetah and Horse. Journal of Mammalogy. 40, 4 (1959). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1376265.
[110]
Hooker, S.K. and Baird, R.W. 1999. Deep–diving Behaviour of the Northern Bottlenose Whale, Hyperoodon Ampullatus (Cetacea: Ziphiidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 266, 1420 (1999), 671–676. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0688.
[111]
How Do Bird Lungs Work, Anyway? 2013. https://lillianwaller.wordpress.com/2013/06/21/how-do-bird-lungs-work-anyway/.
[112]
How Do Deep-Diving Sea Creatures Withstand Huge Pressure Changes? 2002. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-deep-diving-sea-cr/.
[113]
How Do Hummingbirds Survive Cold Nights? Hummingbirds and Torpor: 2009. https://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2006/04/09/hummingbirds-and-torpor.
[114]
How the Respiratory System of Birds Works: https://www.petcoach.co/article/respiratory-system-of-birds-anatomy-and-function/.
[115]
Hubel, T.Y. et al. 2016. Additive Opportunistic Capture Explains Group Hunting Benefits in African Wild Dogs. Nature Communications. 7, 1 (2016). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11033.
[116]
Hubel, T.Y. et al. 2016. Energy Cost and Return for Hunting in African Wild Dogs and Cheetahs. Nature Communications. 7, 1 (2016). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11034.
[117]
Hudson, P.E. et al. 2012. High Speed Galloping in the Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the Racing Greyhound (Canis familiaris): Spatio-Temporal and Kinetic Characteristics. Journal of Experimental Biology. 215, 14 (2012), 2425–2434. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.066720.
[118]
Hughes, S. et al. 2016. Neck Length and Mean Arterial Pressure in the Sauropod Dinosaurs. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 219, 8 (2016), 1154–1161. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.137448.
[119]
III, G.A.M. et al. 2001. Comparison of Blood Squirted from the Circumorbital Sinus and Systemic Blood in a Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum. The Southwestern Naturalist. 46, 3 (2001). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/3672440.
[120]
Irschick, D.J. and Higham, T.E. 2016. Animal Athletes: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach. Oxford University Press.
[121]
Irschick, D.J. and Higham, T.E. 2016. Animal Athletes: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach. Oxford University Press.
[122]
Irwin, J.T. et al. 2003. Postfreeze Reduction of Locomotor Endurance in the Freeze‐Tolerant Wood Frog,. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 76, 3 (2003), 331–338. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/374282.
[123]
Jackson, K. 2002. How Tubular Venom-Conducting Fangs Are Formed. Journal of Morphology. 252, 3 (2002), 291–297. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1106.
[124]
Joanisse, D.R. and Storey, K.B. 1996. Oxidative Damage and Antioxidants in Rana Syhatica, the Freeze-Tolerant Wood Frog. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 271, (1996).
[125]
Jon P. Costanzo 2013. Hibernation Physiology, Freezing Adaptation and Extreme Freeze Tolerance in a Northern Population of the Wood Frog. Journal of Experimental Biology. 216, 18 (2013), 3461–3473.
[126]
Kardong, K.V. 1979. ‘Protovipers” and the Evolution of Snake Fangs. Evolution. 33, 1Part2 (1979), 433–443. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04696.x.
[127]
Kardong, K.V. 1982. The Evolution of the Venom Apparatus in Snakes From Colubrids to Viperids & Elapids. Department of Zoology, Washington State University.
[128]
Kardong, K.V. and Lavin-Murcio, P.A. 1993. Venom Delivery of Snakes as High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Systems. Copeia. 1993, 3 (1993). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1447225.
[129]
Ken Winkel 2016. Mortal Poison: The Story of How Venom Works. The Conversation. (2016).
[130]
Kling, K.B. et al. 1994. Post-Freeze Recovery of Peripheral Nerve Function in the Freeze-Tolerant Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 164, 4 (1994), 316–320. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346449.
[131]
Koffi, M. et al. 2014. The Role of Pinnae Flapping Motion on Elephant Metabolic Heat Dissipation. Journal of Heat Transfer. 136, 10 (2014). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4027864.
[132]
Laing, B. 2001. Thermoregulation in Dinosaurs: A Continued Controversy.
[133]
Larson, D.J. 2014. Wood Frog Adaptations to Overwintering in Alaska: New Limits to Freezing Tolerance. Journal of Experimental Biology. 217, 12 (2014), 2193–2200.
[134]
Layne, J.R. et al. 1998. Freeze Duration Influences Postfreeze Survival in the Frog Rana Sylvatica. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 280, 2 (1998), 197–201. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19980201)280:2<197::AID-JEZ11>3.0.CO;2-J.
[135]
Layne, J.R. et al. 1989. Freezing-Induced Changes in the Heart Rate of Wood Frogs (Rana Sylvatica). American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. (1989).
[136]
Layne, J.R. and First, M.C. 1991. Resumption of Physiological Functions in the Wood Frog (Rana Sylvatica) After Freezing. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 261, (1991).
[137]
van Leeuwen, J.L. 1997. Why the Chameleon Has Spiral-Shaped Muscle Fibres in Its Tongue. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 352, 1353 (1997).
[138]
Maan, M.E. and Cummings, M.E. 2012. Poison Frog Colors Are Honest Signals of Toxicity, Particularly for Bird Predators. The American Naturalist. 179, 1 (2012), E1–E14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/663197.
[139]
MacNeil, M.A. et al. 2012. Biology of the Greenland Shark Somniosus microcephalus. Journal of Fish Biology. 80, 5 (2012), 991–1018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03257.x.
[140]
Madsen, P.T. 2002. Sperm Whale Sound Production Studied With Ultrasound Time/depth-Recording Tags. Journal of Experimental Biology. 205, 13 (2002), 1899–1906.
[141]
Maktab. pk 2017. FSc Biology Book 1, CH 13, LEC 7: Respiration in Birds | YouTube. YouTube.
[142]
Maladen, R.D. et al. 2009. Undulatory Swimming in Sand: Subsurface Locomotion of the Sandfish Lizard. Science. 325, 5938 (2009).
[143]
Maloiy, G.M.O. et al. 2009. Thermoregulation and Metabolism in a Small Desert Carnivore: The Fennec Fox (Fennecus Zerda) (Mammalia)*. Journal of Zoology. 198, 3 (2009), 279–291. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1982.tb02076.x.
[144]
Mamoune, K. 2014. Fennec the Sahara Desert Fox | YouTube. YouTube.
[145]
Many Sharks Live a Century - Longer Than Thought | National Geographic: 2017. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/sharks-age-longevity-lifespan-oceans/.
[146]
Märki, F. and Witkop, B. 1963. The Venom of the Colombian Arrow Poison Frog Phyllobates bicolor. Experientia. 19, 7 (1963), 329–338. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02152303.
[147]
Marvi, H. et al. 2014. Sidewinding With Minimal Slip: Snake and Robot Ascent of Sandy Slopes. Science. 346, 6206 (2014), 224–229. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255718.
[148]
Master, T.L. 1999. Predation by Rufous Motmot on Black-and-Green Poison Dart Frog. The Wilson Bulletin. 111, 3 (1999), 439–440.
[149]
Middendorf, G.A. and Sherbrooke, W.C. 1992. Canid Elicitation of Blood-Squirting in a Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). Copeia. 1992, 2 (1992). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1446212.
[150]
Miller, P.J.O. et al. 2008. Stereotypical Resting Behavior of the Sperm Whale. Current Biology. 18, 1 (2008), R21–R23. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.003.
[151]
Miller, P.J.O. 2004. Swimming Gaits, Passive Drag and Buoyancy of Diving Sperm Whalesphyseter Macrocephalus. Journal of Experimental Biology. 207, 11 (2004), 1953–1967.
[152]
Moore, M.J. and Early, G.A. 2215. Cumulative Sperm Whale Bone Damage and the Bends. Science. 306, 5705 (2215).
[153]
Moore, R.G. 1978. Seasonal and Daily Activity Patterns and Thermoregulation in the Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchelli pyrrhus) and the Colorado Desert Sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes laterorepens). Copeia. 1978, 3 (1978), 439–442. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1443608.
[154]
Moulton, D.E. et al. 2016. The Elastic Secrets of the Chameleon Tongue. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science. 472, 2188 (2016). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0030.
[155]
Moving Efficiently Across Sand Without Slipping: Sidewinder | Asknature: 2017. https://asknature.org/strategy/moving-efficiently-across-sand-without-slipping/#.XF2GY1X7SUl.
[156]
Müller, U.K. and Kranenbarg, S. 2004. Power at the Tip of the Tongue. Science. 304, 5668 (2004).
[157]
Myers, C.W. and Daly, J.W. 1983. Dart-Poison Frogs. Scientific American. 248, 2 (1983).
[158]
Nat Geo WILD 2013. Fastest Animal Makes a Kill | YouTube. YouTube.
[159]
Nat Geo WILD 2018. How to Dive Like a Sperm Whale | YouTube. YouTube.
[160]
Nat Geo WILD 2015. Living Dead Frogs | YouTube. YouTube.
[161]
Nat Geo WILD 2014. Spitting Mad Cobra | YouTube.
[162]
Nat Geo WILD 2014. World’s Weirdest - Blood Shooting Eyes | YouTube. YouTube.
[163]
Nat Geo WILD 2013. World’s Weirdest: Blood-Squirting Lizard | YouTube. YouTube.
[164]
National Geographic 2016. 24 Jurassic CSI Supersize: How Did Sauropods Raise Such Long Necks | YouTube.
[165]
National Geographic 2007. Blood Squirting Lizard | YouTube. YouTube.
[166]
National Geographic 2007. Platypus Parts | YouTube.
[167]
National Geographic 2016. Tiny Chameleons’ Tongues Pack Strongest Punch | YouTube.
[168]
National Geographic 2014. Whales Team Up in Amazing Bubble-Net Hunt | YouTube. YouTube.
[169]
Nielsen, J. et al. 2016. Eye Lens Radiocarbon Reveals Centuries of Longevity in the Greenland Shark (Somniosus Microcephalus). Science. 353, 6300 (2016), 702–704. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1703.
[170]
Norris, K.S. and Harvey, G.W. 1972. A Theory for the Function of the Spermaceti Organ of the Sperm Whale (Physeter catodon L.). Animal Orientation and Navigation. NASA.
[171]
O’Neill, M.C. et al. 2017. Chimpanzee Super Strength and Human Skeletal Muscle Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114, 28 (2017), 7343–7348. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619071114.
[172]
O’Regan, H.J. 2002. Defining Cheetahs, a Multivariate Analysis of Skull Shape in Big Cats. Mammal Review. 32, 1 (2002), 58–62. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00093.x.
[173]
Oregon State University Ecampus 2015. Sperm Whale Dive, 3D Simulation | YouTube. YouTube.
[174]
Papastavrou, V. et al. 1989. Diving Behaviour of the Sperm Whale, Physeter macrocephalus, Off the Galapagos Islands. Canadian Journal of Zoology.
[175]
PBS 2015. Bear Hibernation | YouTube. YouTube.
[176]
Pierson, D.J. 2009. The Physiology of Dinosaurs: Circulatory and Respiratory Function in the Largest Animals Ever to Walk the earth.(donald F Egan Scientific Memorial Lecture)(report). Respiratory Care. 54, 7 (2009), 887–911.
[177]
du Plessis, A. et al. 2018. Snake Fangs: 3D Morphological and Mechanical Analysis by Microct, Simulation, and Physical Compression Testing. GigaScience. 7, 1 (2018). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/gix126.
[178]
Poison Dart Frogs Are the Most Poisonous Animals Alive | BBC: 2015. http://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150422-the-worlds-most-poisonous-animal.
[179]
Prieto, A.A. and Whitford, W.G. 1971. Physiological Responses to Temperature in the Horned Lizards, Phrynosoma cornutum and Phrynosoma douglassii. Copeia. 1971, 3 (1971). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1442447.
[180]
Rando, T.A. 2006. Stem Cells, Ageing and the Quest for Immortality. Nature. 441, 7097 (2006), 1080–1086. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04958.
[181]
Randomly Researched 2016. Why Don’t Penguins Feet Freeze | YouTube. YouTube.
[182]
RCModelReviews 2017. The Aerodynamics of Flying Wings (Part 1) | YouTube. YouTube.
[183]
Rees, P.A. 2002. Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus) Dust Bathe in Response to an Increase in Environmental Temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology. 27, 5 (2002), 353–358. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4565(01)00100-0.
[184]
Rethink Biology 2018. Airflow in Birds | YouTube. YouTube.
[185]
Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason & Science 2009. Richard Dawkins: Saddles and Domes: Evolution of the Giant Tortoises | YouTube.
[186]
Rissing, S.W. 1981. Prey Preferences in the Desert Horned Lizard: Influence of Prey Foraging Method and Aggressive Behavior. Ecology. 62, 4 (1981), 1031–1040. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1937002.
[187]
Rommel, S.A. et al. 2006. Elements of Beaked Whale Anatomy and Diving Physiology and Some Hypothetical Causes of Sonar-Related Stranding. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 7, 3 (2006), 189–209.
[188]
S. S. Sharpe 2015. Correction: Locomotor Benefits of Being a Slender and Slick Sand-Swimmer. Journal of Experimental Biology. 218, 7 (2015), 1111–1111.
[189]
Sander, P.M. et al. 2011. Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs: The Evolution of Gigantism. Biological Reviews. 86, 1 (2011), 117–155. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x.
[190]
Saporito, R.A. et al. 2007. Experimental Evidence for Aposematism in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio. Copeia. 2007, 4 (2007).
[191]
Saporito, R.A. et al. 2007. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Alkaloid Variation in the Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio in Costa Rica and Panama Over 30 Years. Toxicon. 50, 6 (2007), 757–778. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.022.
[192]
Sauropod Farts Warmed the Planet: 2012. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21783-sauropod-farts-warmed-the-planet/.
[193]
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1970. Animal Physiology. Prentice-Hall.
[194]
Schorr, G.S. et al. 2014. First Long-Term Behavioral Records from Cuvier’s Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Reveal Record-Breaking Dives. PLoS ONE. 9, 3 (2014). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092633.
[195]
Schwenk, K. and Bell, D.A. 1988. A Cryptic Intermediate in the Evolution of Chameleon Tongue Projection. Experientia. 44, 8 (1988), 697–700. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01941032.
[196]
Science Magazine 2013. Evolution of Mammalian Diving Capacity | YouTube. YouTube.
[197]
Science Magazine 2018. Peregrine Falcons Maneuver Best When Dive-Bombing at Over 300 km/hr | YouTube. YouTube.
[198]
Scientific American 2013. Why Are Chimps Stronger Than Humans? | YouTube. YouTube.
[199]
Scott, G.R. 2011. Elevated Performance: The Unique Physiology of Birds That Fly at High Altitudes. Journal of Experimental Biology. 214, 15 (2011), 2455–2462.
[200]
Scott, G.R. et al. 2015. How Bar-Headed Geese Fly Over the Himalayas. Physiology. 30, 2 (2015), 107–115. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00050.2014.
[201]
Secor, S.M. 1994. Ecological Significance of Movements and Activity Range for the Sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes. Copeia. 1994, 3 (1994). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1447179.
[202]
Secor, S.M. et al. 1992. Locomotor Performance and Energetic Cost of Sidewinding by the Snake Crotalus Cerastes. Journal of Experimental Biology. 163, 1 (1992), 1–14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.163.1.1.
[203]
Secor, S.M. and Nagy, K.A. 1994. Bioenergetic Correlates of Foraging Mode for the Snakes Crotalus Cerastes and Masticophis Flagellum. Ecology. 75, 6 (1994), 1600–1614. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1939621.
[204]
Sharp, N.C.C. 1997. Timed Running Speed of a Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Journal of Zoology. 241, 3 (1997), 493–494. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb04840.x.
[205]
Sharpe, S.S. et al. 2015. Locomotor Benefits of Being a Slender and Slick Sand Swimmer. Journal of Experimental Biology. 218, 3 (2015), 440–450. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.108357.
[206]
Sherbrooke, W.C. 2008. Antipredator Responses by Texas Horned Lizards to Two Snake Taxa with Different Foraging and Subjugation Strategies. Journal of Herpetology. 42, 1 (2008), 142–152.
[207]
Sherbrooke, W.C. 1987. Defensive Head Posture in Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma: Sauria: Iguanidae). The Southwestern Naturalist. 32, 4 (1987). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/3671494.
[208]
Sherbrooke, W.C. and Middendorf, III, G.A. 2001. Blood-Squirting Variability in Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma). Copeia. 2001, 4 (2001).
[209]
Sherbrooke, W.C. and Middendorf, III, G.A. 2004. Responses of Kit Foxes (Vulpes macrotis) to Antipredator Blood-Squirting and Blood of Texas Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum). Copeia. 2004, 3 (2004).
[210]
Sherbrooke, W.C. and Schwenk, K. 2008. Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma) Incapacitate Dangerous Ant Prey With Mucus. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology. 309A, 8 (2008), 447–459. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.472.
[211]
Sinclair, B.J. et al. 2013. Real-Time Measurement of Metabolic Rate During Freezing and Thawing of the Wood Frog, : Implications for Overwinter Energy Use. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 216, 2 (2013), 292–302. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.076331.
[212]
Skomal, G.B. and Benz, G.W. 2004. Ultrasonic Tracking of Greenland Sharks, Somniosus microcephalus, Under Arctic Ice. Marine Biology. 145, 3 (2004). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1332-8.
[213]
Smithsonian Channel 2016. How the Fastest Animal on Earth Attacks Its Prey | YouTube. YouTube.
[214]
Smithsonian Channel 2016. The Real Way Komodo Dragons Kill Prey | YouTube.
[215]
Smithsonian Channel 2012. This Is Why You Can’t Outrun a Cheetah | YouTube.
[216]
Smithsonian Channel 2015. This Lizard Must Dance to Stay Alive | YouTube. YouTube.
[217]
Snake Venom is Nature’s Most Effective Killer | Popsci: https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-03/evolution%E2%80%99s-most-effective-killer-snake-venom#page-3.
[218]
Sportology 2015. Muscle Basics: What Athletes Need to Know About the Muscular System | YouTube. YouTube.
[219]
Storey, K.B. et al. 1992. Cryomicroscopic Analysis of Freezing in Liver of the Freeze-Tolerant Wood Frog. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 263, (1992).
[220]
Storey, K.B. 1987. Glycolysis and the Regulation of Cryoprotectant Synthesis in Liver of the Freeze Tolerant Wood Frog. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 157, 3 (1987), 373–380. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00693364.
[221]
Storey, K.B. and Storey, J.M. 1984. Biochemical Adaption for Freezing Tolerance in the Wood Frog,rana Sylvatica. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 155, 1 (1984), 29–36. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00688788.
[222]
Storey, K.B. and Storey, J.M. 2017. Molecular Physiology of Freeze Tolerance in Vertebrates. Physiological Reviews. 97, 2 (2017), 623–665. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00016.2016.
[223]
Study Discovers Why Poison Dart Frogs Are Toxic | Mongabay: 2005. https://news.mongabay.com/2005/08/study-discovers-why-poison-dart-frogs-are-toxic/.
[224]
Swimming Through Sand: The Secret of Sandfish Locomotion | physicsbuzz: 2010. http://physicsbuzz.physicscentral.com/2010/12/swimming-through-sand-secret-of.html.
[225]
Tattersall, G.J. et al. 2009. Heat Exchange From the Toucan Bill Reveals a Controllable Vascular Thermal Radiator. Science. 325, 5939 (2009), 468–470. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175553.
[226]
Taylor, C.R. et al. 1971. Effect of Hyperthermia on Heat Balance During Running in the African Hunting Dog. American Journal of Physiology. 220, 3 (1971), 823–827.
[227]
Taylor, C.R. et al. 1974. Running in Cheetahs, Gazelles, and Goats: Energy Cost and Limb Configuration. American Journal of Physiology. 227, 4 (1974), 848–850.
[228]
Taylor, C.R. and Rowntree, V.J. 1973. Temperature Regulation and Heat Balance in Running Cheetahs: A Strategy for Sprinters? American Journal of Physiology. 224, 4 (1973), 848–851.
[229]
The Amazing Science Behind Fatal Snake Bites | BBC: 2015. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34214029.
[230]
The Nature of Science 2015. How Killer Cone Snails Kill | YouTube.
[231]
The Reptipage: Chameleon Tongues | Reptilis: http://reptilis.net/lacertilia/chamaeleonidae/tongue.html.
[232]
The Secret to Cheetahs’ Speedy Stride Found | Livescience: 2012. https://www.livescience.com/21083-cheetah-greyhound-speed-secret.html.
[233]
Thode, A. 2004. Tracking Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) Dive Profiles Using a Towed Passive Acoustic Array. Journal of Acoustical Society of America. 116, 1 (2004), 245–253.
[234]
Tokuyama, T. et al. 1969. Structure of Batrachotoxin, a Steroidal Alkaloid From the Colombian Arrow Poison Frog, Phyllobates Aurotaenia, and Partial Synthesis of Batrachotoxin and Its Analogs and Homologs. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 91, 14 (1969), 3931–3938. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01042a042.
[235]
Toucan Beak Is New Kind of ‘Heating Bill’: 2009. https://www.wired.com/2009/07/toucanbill/.
[236]
Tyack, P.L. 2006. Extreme Diving of Beaked Whales. Journal of Experimental Biology. 209, 21 (2006), 4238–4253.
[237]
University of Exeter 2014. Running Geese Give Insight Into Low Oxygen Tolerance | YouTube. YouTube.
[238]
Van Riper, W. 1953. How a Rattlesnake Strikes. Scientific American. 189, 4 (1953), 100–102. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1053-100.
[239]
van de Ven, T.M.F.N. et al. 2016. Regulation of Heat Exchange Across the Hornbill Beak: Functional Similarities With Toucans? PLOS ONE. 11, 5 (2016). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154768.
[240]
Vences, M. 2003. Convergent Evolution of Aposematic Coloration in Neotropical Poison Frogs: A Molecular Phylogenetic Perspective. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 3, 3 (2003), 215–226. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-6092-00076.
[241]
Veritasium 2012. How Does A Wing Actually Work? | YouTube. YouTube.
[242]
Victoria Grima Pita 2016. Mammal Adaptations to Diving 2 | YouTube. YouTube.
[243]
Vonk, F.J. et al. 2008. Evolutionary Origin and Development of Snake Fangs. Nature. 454, 7204 (2008), 630–633. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07178.
[244]
Vonk, F.J. et al. 2008. Evolutionary Origin and Development of Snake Fangs. Nature. 454, 7204 (2008), 630–633. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07178.
[245]
Wainwright, P.C. et al. 1991. Kinematics of Tongue Projection in Chamaeleo Oustaleti. Journal of Experimental Biology. 159, 1 (1991), 109–133.
[246]
Wainwright, P.C. 1992. The Mechanism of Tongue Projection in Chameleons: I. Electromyographic Tests of Functional Hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Biology. 168, 1 (1992), 1–21.
[247]
Wainwright, P.C. and Bennett, A.F. 1992. The Mechanism of Tongue Projection in Chameleons: II. Role of Shape Change in a Muscular Hydrostat. Journal of Experimental Biology. 168, 1 (1992), 23–40.
[248]
Wang, I.J. and Shaffer, H.B. 2008. Rapid Color Evolution in an Aposematic Species: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Color Variation in the Strikingly Polymorphic Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog. Evolution. 62, 11 (2008), 2742–2759. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00507.x.
[249]
Watkins, W.A. et al. 1993. Sperm Whales Tagged With Transponders and Tracked Underwater by Sonar. Marine Mammal Science. 9, 1 (1993), 55–67. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00426.x.
[250]
Watwood, S.L. et al. 2006. Deep-Diving Foraging Behaviour of Sperm Whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Journal of Animal Ecology. 75, 3 (2006), 814–825. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01101.x.
[251]
Wedel, M.J. 2003. Vertebral Pneumaticity, Air Sacs, and the Physiology of Sauropod Dinosaurs. Paleobiology. 29, 2 (2003), 243–255. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300018091.
[252]
Weissenböck, N.M. et al. 2012. Taking the heat: thermoregulation in Asian elephants under different climatic conditions. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 182, 2 (2012), 311–319. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-011-0609-8.
[253]
Weissenböck, N.M. et al. 2010. Thermal Windows on the Body Surface of African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) Studied by Infrared Thermography. Journal of Thermal Biology. 35, 4 (2010), 182–188. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.03.002.
[254]
Whitehead, H. 1996. Babysitting, Dive Synchrony, and Indications of Alloparental Care in Sperm Whales. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 38, 4 (1996), 237–244. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650050238.
[255]
Whitford, W.G. and Bryant, M. 1979. Behavior of a Predator and its Prey: The Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma Cornutum) and Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex Spp.). Ecology. 60, 4 (1979), 686–694. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1936605.
[256]
Why Do Giant Tortoises Live So Long? | Mental Floss: http://mentalfloss.com/article/80091/why-do-giant-tortoises-live-so-long.
[257]
Wildlife All About 2014. The Poisonous Dart Frog - Blue Frog | YouTube.
[258]
Williams, J.B. et al. 2004. A Phylogenetic Analysis of Basal Metabolism, Total Evaporative Water Loss, and Life-History Among Foxes From Desert and Mesic Regions. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 174, 1 (2004), 29–39. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-003-0386-0.
[259]
Williams, J.B. et al. 2002. Energy Expenditure and Water Flux of Rüppell’s Foxes in Saudi Arabia. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 75, 5 (2002), 479–488. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/344490.
[260]
Williams, T.M. 1990. Heat Transfer in Elephants: Thermal Partitioning Based on Skin Temperature Profiles. Journal of Zoology. 222, 2 (1990), 235–245. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb05674.x.
[261]
Wilson, A.M. et al. 2013. Locomotion Dynamics of Hunting in Wild Cheetahs. Nature. 498, 7453 (2013), 185–189. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12295.
[262]
Wilson, J.W. et al. 2013. Cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, Balance Turn Capacity With Pace When Chasing Prey. Biology Letters. 9, 5 (2013), 20130620–20130620. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0620.
[263]
Wilson, J.W. et al. 2013. Cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, Balance Turn Capacity With Pace When Chasing Prey. Biology Letters. 9, 5 (2013), 20130620–20130620. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0620.
[264]
WIRED 2009. Toucan Bill Regulates Body Temperature | YouTube. YouTube.
[265]
Wochit News 2015. For Geese, the Himalayas Are Basically a Roller Coaster | YouTube. YouTube.
[266]
Wonder World 2017. Oldest Shark in the World - 512 Year Old Greenland Shark | YouTube.
[267]
Workswell 2016. Animals in the Zoo: World in InfraRed | YouTube. YouTube.
[268]
World of Warmth 2015. Several Cold Blooded Animals in Infrared | YouTube. YouTube.
[269]
Wu, N.C. et al. 2015. Morphology and Burrowing Energetics of Semi-Fossorial Skinks ( Liopholis ). Journal of Experimental Biology. (2015). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.113803.
[270]
Wu, S. et al. 2008. Cold Acclimation-Induced Up-Regulation of the Ribosomal Protein L7 Gene in the Freeze Tolerant Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica. Gene. 424, 1–2 (2008), 48–55. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2008.07.023.
[271]
Wu, S. and Storey, K.B. 2005. Up-Regulation of Acidic Ribosomal Phosphoprotein P0 in Response to Freezing or Anoxia in the Freeze Tolerant Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica. Cryobiology. 50, 1 (2005), 71–82. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.11.001.
[272]
Young, K.V. 2004. How the Horned Lizard Got Its Horns. Science. 304, 5667 (2004), 65–65. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094790.
[273]
Zimmer, W.M.X. et al. 2003. Combining Data From a Multisensor Tag and Passive Sonar to Determine the Diving Behavior of a Sperm Whale (Physeter Macrocephalus). IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 28, 1 (2003), 13–28. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.808209.
[274]
Zood, A. 1933. The Mechanism of Projection of the Chameleon’s Tongue. Journal of Experimental Biology. 10, 2 (1933), 174–185.
[275]
2017. 5 Gaits of the Icelandic Horse | YouTube.
[276]
2015. A Very Brief Introduction to Aerodynamics | YouTube. YouTube.
[277]
2015. Adaptations of Pinnipeds and Cetaceans to the Marine Environment - Physiology | YouTube. YouTube.
[278]
2014. Aerodynamics - How to Design an Aerodynamic Shape | YouTube.
[279]
2013. Aerodynamics: Airfoil Camber, Flaps, Slots-Slats & Drag: ‘Smoke Lifts’ circa 1938 NACA Langley | YouTube. YouTube.
[280]
2014. Altitude Physiology 4. How Does the Bar-Headed Goose Deal With Altitude? | YouTube. YouTube.
[281]
2013. Bar-Headed Geese Laugh at Mountain Climbers | YouTube. YouTube.
[282]
2010. Bird Flight: Avian Respiration | YouTube. YouTube.
[283]
2017. Bubble-Net Feeding Humpback Whales in Antarctica | YouTube. YouTube.
[284]
2010. Cham Tongue Mishap, With a Recovery | YouTube.
[285]
Chapter 10. Respiration and Diving Physiology.
[286]
2016. Cheetah Running Full Speed | YouTube.
[287]
2018. Comparative Physiology of Respiration in Sea Turtles and Cetaceans | YouTube. YouTube.
[288]
2010. Discovery: First Scientifically Confirmed Poisonous Bird | YouTube.
[289]
2013. Edward Muybridge: Movie Exaples from Animal Locomotion | YouTube.
[290]
2010. Elephant - P640 | YouTube. YouTube.
[291]
2017. Examples of Sleeping and Torpid Hummingbirds | YouTube. YouTube.
[292]
2016. Greenland Shark the World’s Longest Living Animal With Backbone Can Live for 400 Years | YouTube.
[293]
2018. Greenland Sharks in Science | YouTube.
[294]
2018. High Altitude and Deep Sea Physiology | YouTube. YouTube.
[295]
2018. How Can Peregrine Falcons Dive So Fast? | YouTube. YouTube.
[296]
2012. How Did Giant Sauropods Such as Brachiosaurus Hold Their Necks? | YouTube.
[297]
2012. How Do Birds Fly? | YouTube. YouTube.
[298]
2010. Hummingbird Coming Out of Torpor | YouTube. YouTube.
[299]
2014. Humpback Whale Bubble-Netting Strategy | YouTube. YouTube.
[300]
2007. Humpback Whale: Hunting Technique | YouTube. YouTube.
[301]
2013. Humpback Whales Startle Kayakers | YouTube. YouTube.
[302]
2018. Infrared: Hummingbird in Torpor | YouTube. YouTube.
[303]
2006. Infrared IR Elephant | YouTube. YouTube.
[304]
2015. Opposum with Babies | YouTube.
[305]
2016. Prairie Falcon Takes Out a Drake Mallard | YouTube. YouTube.
[306]
2016. Principles of Flight | YouTube. YouTube.
[307]
2016. Regulation of Heat Exchange across the Hornbill Beak: Functional Similarities with Toucans? | YouTube. YouTube.
[308]
2012. Rhino Chase | YouTube.
[309]
2014. SJSU Neurophysiology - Lecture 12 - Central Pattern Generators | YouTube.
[310]
2017. Skeletal Muscle Contraction - The Sliding Filament Mechanism | YouTube. YouTube.
[311]
2010. Sleeping Torpor Hummingbird in Bellevue Tennessee | YouTube. YouTube.
[312]
Spring Thawing Frogs | Biologists.
[313]
2013. Springbok Pronking | YouTube.
[314]
2013. The Avian Respiratory System | YouTube. YouTube.
[315]
2013. The Basics of Aerodynamics | YouTube. YouTube.
[316]
2010. The Galápagos Tortoise | YouTube.
[317]
2012. Whiffling Goose | YouTube. YouTube.
[318]
2012. Whiffling Goose | YouTube. YouTube.
[319]
2017. Why Peregrine Falcons Are the Fastest Animals on Earth | YouTube. YouTube.
